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制高点-第7部分
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s great gift to the world； and one of my phrases at the time was that having exported the disaster of nationalization to the world； Britain should offer them the antidote； it was the decent thing to do； to say we're very sorry； it didn't work。
JOHN REDWOOD，首相智囊团的首脑，1983－1985年：许多核心任务认为国有化是英国对世界的伟大贡献，那是我的一句惯用语就是那是向世界输出了国有化灾难，英国应该提供改正的方法。我们要做的是大方地说：我们很抱歉，那样是不对的。
MARGARET THATCHER （interviewed in 1993）： So the whole efficiency of nationalized industries was running down。 Why should they be efficient？ They had access to the Treasury purse。
撒切尔夫人（1993年访问）：这样看来国有行业的整体有效性丧失了。为什么它们应该有效率呢？他们可以拿到财政部的钱包。
NARRATOR： Thatcher wanted to end their dependence on government subsidies and submit them to the discipline of the marketplace。
旁白：撒切尔想要结束国有工业对政府补助的依赖，把它们放到市场上去锻炼。
JOHN REDWOOD： The nationalized industries fell to pieces。 They lost huge sums of money； they put the prices up massively and still weren't able to make a profit。 They were bleeding the nation dry； the taxpayer dry； and they weren't doing a good job for their customers。
JOHN REDWOOD：国有工业瓦解了。他们损失了数额巨大的钱财；他们太高了价格却仍然不能盈利。他们正在吸干国家和纳税人的血却没有为客户作任何有益的事情。
NARRATOR： The coal mines and the miners' union became Thatcher's biggest challenge。
旁白：煤矿和矿工工会是对撒切尔最大的挑战。
JOSEPH STANISLAW： The coal miners represented the last bastion of the socialist mindset in the UK。 One of the singularly most important economic/political events for the world economic system was Margaret Thatcher's government confrontation with the miners。
JOSEPH STANISLAW：煤矿工人象征着社会主义思想在英国的最后堡垒。世界经济制度中最异乎寻常地重要的经济/政治事件之一是玛格丽特？撒切尔的政府与煤矿工人之间面对面的对抗。
MARGARET THATCHER： We were quite clear： Uneconomic pits must close。 You could not go on pouring money into uneconomic pits。 It was taxpayers' money。
撒切尔夫人：我们非常清楚：赚不到钱的矿井必须关闭；你不能继续把钱投到不赚钱的矿井中去；那是纳税人的钱。
CECIL PARKINSON： If you look at our coal industry； the coal is very deep in the earth； it is hugely expensive to get out。
CECIL PARKINSON：如果你看看我们的煤矿工业，你会发现煤埋藏在地下很深的地方；把它们挖出来的代价非常高昂。
NARRATOR： Seventy…five percent of Britain's coal mines were losing money。 It took government subsidies of 3 billion a year to keep them going。 But these statistics were seen as irrelevant by men like Ken Capstick； one of the radical Socialists who led the miners' union。
旁白：75％的英国煤矿赔钱。为了维持它们运转政府每年要补贴30亿美元。但是这些统计数字在象Ken Capstick那样的人看来与主题无关，他是一个激进的社会主义者，领导着矿工工会。
KEN CAPSTICK； National Union of Miners： What they would say was that in America； for instance； coal produced at the pit head was cheaper than coal produced at the pit head here。
KEN CAPSTICK，全国矿工工会：他们要说的是美国产的煤，例如，比英国产的煤便宜。
NARRATOR： The union leaders argued that the government subsidies were money well spent if they kept 180；000 miners at work and able to feed their families。
旁白：工会领导人争论说如果能使180，000名矿工有工作而且能养活家人的话，政府补助就花得值得。
KEN CAPSTICK： Miners used to say …… and I can remember them saying it …… "；While ever I've got these I'll always have a job。"；
KEN CAPSTICK：矿工们过去常常说－我记得他们这样说－“虽然我已经拥有这些，但我总是要工作。”
NARRATOR： It was grudge match。 Both sides knew the miners had brought down Ted Heath's Conservative government 10 years earlier。 The fiery Marxist who led the National Union of Miners said no mine should be closed until the coal ran out。
旁白：这是一次有历史性影响的对抗。双方都知道矿工们在十年前推翻了Ted Heath的保守党政府。领导全国矿工联合会的激进马克思主义者说除非煤炭采完否则煤矿不能被关闭。
ARTHUR SCARGILL： Reaffirm the unanimous decision of March the eighth to declare official in accordance with Rule 41 the strike action。
ARTHUR SCARGILL：重申了三月达成的一致意见，官方第八次宣布罢工应合乎41法规。
The issue before our members is very clear。 They either accept the policies of the Coal Board and the government； which will result in the loss of 70；000 jobs； or alternatively； they stand on their feet like men。 They fight …… defend the jobs； defend their pits； and defend their dignity。
摆在议员面前的问题非常清楚。他们或者接受煤炭委员会和政府的政策－这会导致减少70，000个工作岗位，或者支持另一边。工人为保卫工作、包围煤矿和包围尊严而战。
NARRATOR： The strike was an epic clash of values which symbolized the wider battle of ideas： socialist against capitalist； free market against state ownership。 And it was a question of power： Who ruled Britain？
旁白：罢工是价值观的大冲撞，其标志是更大范围内的思想战争：社会主义者对资本家，自由市场对政府。
Illegal mass picketing outside working mines led to violent clashes with the police。
开工矿井外非法的群众岗哨引起了与警察的暴力冲突。
KEN CAPSTICK： It was the next thing to； you know； to a war。 We were faced with an enemy； and that enemy was out to destroy our livelihoods； out to destroy our pits； out to destroy our munities and what our munities stood for。 Miners and their families had a set of values that I don't think Margaret Thatcher could understand； values of socialism and Christianity。 The two things went hand in hand in many ways。
KEN CAPSTICK：你知道，下一件事就是战争。我们面对的敌人要破坏我们的生计，关闭我们的煤矿，破坏我们的团体和团体所代表的东西。矿工和他们的家人有自己的价值观－我认为玛这套价值体系是玛格丽特？撒切尔所不能理解的－社会主义和基督教的价值观，它们在许多方面密切相关。
NARRATOR： For more than a year the miners held out； until internal rifts and the desire of many to return to work brought the walkout to an end。
旁白：矿工们坚持了一年多，最终内部分裂和许多人希望回去工作的愿望使这场罢工得以结束。
MARGARET THATCHER （interviewed in 1993）： And then suddenly it collapsed； the strike； and the most powerful union with the most militant leader had failed。
撒切尔夫人（1993年采访）：然后突然就崩溃了，罢工和由最好斗的领导人领导的最有权力的工会是白了。
NARRATOR： Britain has changed。 Today； less than 3；000 work in the mines。
旁白：英国发生了变化。今天，还有不到3，000人在煤矿中工作。
KEN CAPSTICK： I feel devastated by what I see。 Grimethorpe had considerable reserves of coal when it was closed； plenty of work for those miners to continue to do to keep their families。 You can see the wasteland； you can see the social deprivation that it caused。 The children that are ing along …… no prospects； no future； people despairing because they can't find employment and the dignity that employment brings。 It's the market forces gone mad。
KEN CAPSTICK：你可以看到未开垦的荒地；我看到的令我震惊。煤矿被关闭时Grimethorpe还有相当大的储量，还有很多工作可以给那些矿工来做从而让他们可以养活家人。你可以看到它造成的社会掠夺。孩子们没有前途，没有未来；人们因失业和失业带来的尊严的丧失而绝望。这就是发疯的市场力量。
MARGARET THATCHER： The political consequences of the failure of the strike were incalculable。
撒切尔夫人：罢工失败带来的政治后果无法估量。
GORDON BROWN； Labor Finance Minister： The coal…mining strike of the early 1980s was a tragedy for so many of the mining families that were involved in it。
GORDON BROWN，工党财政大臣：八十年代初期的煤矿工人罢工队卷入到其中的无数矿工家庭来说是一场悲剧。
NARRATOR： Perhaps the greatest political impact was on the Labor Party that had all along opposed Thatcher's free…market policies。
旁白：可能最大的政治影响是影响了一直反对撒切尔自由市场政策的工党。
GORDON BROWN： I came into politics as someone who lived in an area which was an old mining munity。 The problem for the left in the past was that they equated the public interest with public ownership and public regulation； and therefore they assumed that markets were not therefore in the public interest。 What we have had to explain both to ourselves and to the country …… and now I believe it's possible to explain this to the rest of the world as well …… is that markets are in the public interest。
GORDON BROWN：我和一位居住在老矿区的人一起步入政界，过去遗留的问题是他们把公众利益与公众所有权和公众规则进行换算。他们因此假设市场不符合公众利益。我们不得不对自己和国家解释的事情－现在我相信这也可以向世界其他地方的人解释－是市场符合公众利益
DANIEL YERGIN： One of the most important things that the government of Margaret Thatcher does is invent this thing called privatization； that is； taking these state…owned panies； these nationalized industries； and selling shares to the public。
丹尼尔。尤金：最重要的事情这一是玛格丽特？撒切尔德政府确实创造了私有化，也就是说，把那些国有公司、国有化行业的股份卖给公众。
NARRATOR： One by one the Thatcher government put the manding heights of the British economy up for sale： electricity； telephones； oil； gas； coal； steel； trains； and planes …… even water。 Before long； two…thirds of the state…owned industries were removed from government control and sold off into the private sector。 Who should control the manding heights …… governments or markets …… in Britain？ That battle was over。
旁白：撒切尔政府一个接一个出售了英国经济中的制高点：电力、电话、石油、天然气、煤炭、钢铁、铁路和航空－甚至自来水。不久以后，三分之二的国有工业就从政府控制转为私人部门控制。在英国，谁应该掌握制高点－政府还是市场？战争结束了。
Chapter 19： The Battle Decided？ ＇3：26＇
第十九章：战局已定？
JOSEPH STANISLAW： What Margaret Thatcher did in Britain and the principles that she introduced were imitated worldwide …… Asia； Latin America； even in Africa and to some degree in the Middle East。
JOSEPH STANISLAW：玛格丽特。撒切尔在英国的行动一起她引入的原理在全世界范围内被仿效－亚洲、拉丁美洲，甚至欧洲，某种程度上来说还有中东。
JEFFREY SACHS： The tide had surely swung。 The thinkers that had kept alive the ideas of markets did play their role at that moment。
杰裴里。萨克斯：潮流地区变了。现在是一直信仰市场的思想家发挥作用的时候了。
NARRATOR： In his lifetime； Hayek saw fascism rise and fall； munism e and go； and the end of his years in the intellectual wilderness。
旁白：哈耶克一生中经历了法西斯主义的发展和衰落，共产主义的诞生和衰微以及他晚年的思想荒野。
NEWT GINGRICH： Here was a man who had intellectually changed the world without really ever leaving the university。 It was the power of his books； the power of his ideas as then captured by Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher that had changed things。
NEWT GINGRICH：他是一位从来没有真正离开过大学、用思想改变了世界的人。当罗纳德？里根和玛格丽特。撒切尔吸取了他著作的力量、思想的力量后，世界改变了。
GEORGE SHULTZ： You had in Reagan and Thatcher at the same time two； what I call； idea politicians。 They had ideas they were convinced were the right ideas； and they put them into effect。
GEORGE SHULTZ：我把同时代的里根和撒切尔两个人成为思想政治家。他们坚信自己的理论是正确的并把它付诸实施。
MILTON FRIEDMAN： The coincidence of Thatcher and Reagan having been in office at the same time was enormously important for the public acceptance worldwide of a different approach to economic and monetary policy。
弗里德曼：撒切尔和里根的一致对完全不同的经济和货币政策在全世界范围内得到认可来说非常重要。
LAWRENCE SUMMERS： The old debates were about what the role of the market was； what was the role of the state。 I think it's now generally appreciated that it's the market that harnesses people's initiative best。 And the real focus of progressive thinking is not how to oppose and suppress market forces but how to use market forces to achieve progressive objectives。
LAWRENCE SUMMERS：关于市场角色、政府角色的辩论由来已久。我想现在一般都认为市场最好地利用了人的主动性。改革者思考的真正重点不应该是反对和压制市场力量，而应该是如何利用市场力量来达到进步的目标。
SAM PELTZMAN： If you look at the whole of the 20th century； there's been a huge cycle。 Less government was the orthodoxy at the beginning of the 20th century； more government clearly was the orthodoxy for the middle part of the 20th century； and now the later part； going into the new millennium； we're back to where we were practically at the start of the century。 And you have to give folks like Hayek； Friedman； and then later Reagan and Thatcher their due for pushing all of this along。
SAM PELTZMAN：纵观二十世纪，那是一个巨大的循环。二十世纪初政府干预少一点是正统思想；二十世纪中期，更多的政府干预很明显是主流；到了后半期，在即将进入另一个千年的时候，我们实际上又回到了二十世纪初的起点。正是象哈耶克、弗里德曼以及后来的里根和撒切尔那样的人推动了这一切向前发展。
MARGARET THATCHER： I remember the foreign minister and finance minister from another country saying to me： "；You're the first prime minister who's ever tried to roll back the frontiers of socialism。 We want to know what's going to happen； because if you succeed； others will follow。"；
撒切尔夫人：我记得另一个国家的总理和财政部长这样对我说：“你是第一位设法击退社会主义疆界的首相。我们想知道将会发生什么，因为如果你成功了，其他人也会跟进。”
NARRATOR： Within 10 years； governments everywhere would retreat from the manding heights of their economies。 In the battle of ideas； the pendulum had swung from government to market； from Keynes to Hayek。 Only time would tell what people would ask of their governments in the event of a new recession； or a depression； or a war。
旁白：在十年内，各国政府将放弃经济中的制高点。在思想的战争中，钟摆从政府摆向了市场，从凯恩斯摆向了哈耶克。只有时间能告诉我们在新的衰退、沮丧或者战争中人们期望政府做什么。
Chapter 1： Prologue ＇3：49＇
第一章： 序言
The terrible events of September 11 showed how a whole world might be driven deeper into recession。
旁白： 恐怖事件表明，整个世界都可能被怎样引入更严重的衰退中。
Argentina's economic meltdown has raised new fears about the perils of the interconnected global economy。
阿根廷经济的彻底崩溃，引发了人们对相互关联的全球经济中危险的新的担忧。
BILL CLINTON； ； 1993…2001： You can't get away from the fact that globalization makes us interdependent； so it's not an option to shed it。 So is it going to be； on balance； positive or negative？
美国总统（1993…2001）比尔？克林顿（Bill Clinton）：你无法否认全球化使得我们更加互相依赖了，所以逃避是没有用的。那么，总的来说，这将是有利还是不利的？
NARRATOR： This is the story of how the new global economy was born。
旁白：这便是新的全球经济诞生的故事
For much of the 20th century； people blamed free…market capitalism for the ills of inflation； recession； depression； and mass unemployment。 So governments everywhere sought to curb market forces and rein in their economies。 The first to change direction were Ronald Reagan in America and Margaret Thatcher in Britain。
在20世纪的大部分时间里，人们把通货膨胀、衰退、萧条、及大规模的失业都归罪于自由市场资本主义。从而所有的政府都在寻求抑制市场力量并试图控制他们的经济，改变这个趋势的先驱是美国的罗纳德。里根（Ronald Reagan）总统和英国的玛格丽特。撒切尔（Margaret Thatcher）首相。
In the 1980s； markets were deregulated。 State…owned industries were privatized。 It was the start of a world revolution。
在80年代，市场管制放松了，国有企业被私有化，这是一场世界性革命的开始。
JEFFREY SACHS； Professor； Harvard University： Part of what happened is a capitalist revolution。 At the end of the 20th century； the market economy； the capitalist system； became the only model for the vast majority of the world。
哈佛大学教授杰裴里。萨克斯（Jeffrey Sachs）：所发生的一些事情就是一场资本主义革命，到20世纪末，市场经济和资本主义制度成为了世界绝大多数国家所采用的唯一模式。
NARRATOR： The world changed its mind。 In the Soviet Union and its satellites； in the emerging markets of Asia； and in the state…dominated economies of Latin America； governments everywhere moved away from state control and towards free markets。
旁白：世界变了，在苏联及跟随苏联的一些卫星国，在亚洲的新兴市场国家，在拉丁美洲的一些政府主导经济的国家，各地的政府都开始从政府控制转向了自由市场。
DANIEL YERGIN； Author； manding Heights： This free…market revolution has really led to the new global economy。 It excites some and terrifies others。
《制高点》（manding Heights）的作者丹尼尔。尤金（Daniel Yergin）：这场自由市场革命确实导致了新的全球经济。对此，一些人感到兴奋，另一些人则感到恐惧。
NARRATOR： That revolution was wrenching。 Tonight on manding Heights： The Agony of Reform。
旁白：那场革命是痛苦的。今晚《制高点》（manding Heights）将讲述：改革的痛苦
Chapter 2： The Ghosts of Norilsk ＇4：27＇
第二章： 诺里尔斯克幽灵
NARRATOR： Much of the world once modeled itself on the Soviet Union。 Here； Lenin's revolution industrialized a backward country within a single generation。 The Soviet system； ruthless and centrally planned； gave birth to vast industrial plexes like Norilsk。
旁白：世界大部分国家曾经一度蜂拥学习苏联的模式，在苏联，列宁的革命在一代人的时间里把一个落后的国家带上了工业化道路。极端中央计划的苏联体制，导致了像诺里尔斯克（Norilsk）这样的综合工业区的出现。
DANIEL YERGIN： Norilsk symbolized every stage of Soviet economic history； from the original prison camp and the beginnings of Soviet industrialization right up to the collapse of the economy in the 1990s。 So much of its history had been tied up with the fact that it was a prison camp。 Even in the early 1950s； 100；000 political prisoners were working in its mines and factories。
丹尼尔。尤金（Daniel Yergin）：诺里尔斯克（Norilsk）反映了整个苏联经济发展史的每一个阶段，从最初的犯人集中营及苏联工业化起步一直到90年代苏联经济的解体。它的历史大多与其作为一个犯人集中营的事实紧密联系，即使是在50年代早期，还有10万名###在那里的矿山和工厂里工作着。
NARRATOR： Millions rode the slow train to the prison camps。 Vassily Romashkin's crime against the state was to check out the wrong book from the public library。
旁白：成百上千万人坐上缓缓行驶的火车来到集中营。而瓦什利。罗曼希金（Vassily Romashkin）对国家的犯罪罪名只是从公共图书馆里借错了书。
VASSILY ROMASHKIN； Former Political Prisoner： They sent me over to Norilsk after the trial。 The trial lasted about 10 minutes。 My wife and I said our good…byes。
前###瓦什利。罗曼希金（Vassily Romashkin）：他们在进行了10分钟的审判之后把我送到了诺里尔斯克（Norilsk），我和我的妻子就此告别了。
NARRATOR： The prisoners' slave labor became a crucial ponent of the Soviet economy。
旁白：犯人们的苦役劳动成为了苏联经济的一个重要组成部分。
VASSILY ROMASHKIN： When they took us to work； they'd say； "；Attention； you enemies of the people。 A step to the left or to the right； and we will shoot you without warning。"； A chill went up my spine； and I thought； "；You are the enemies of the people。"；
瓦什利。罗曼希金（Vassily Romashkin）：当他们要我们工作时，他们会说：“立正！你们这些人民的敌人，只要你们乱动一步，我们便开枪，不会再警告你们的。”一股寒气袭上我的脊背，我想，“你们才是人民的敌人。”
NARRATOR： The Soviet system of central planning meant that the Kremlin controlled every aspect of the economy。 The aim was to make the Soviet Union strong and self…sufficient。 The Soviet Union became an industrial giant； a military superpower； and a threat to the West。
旁白：苏联的中央计划体制意味着克里姆林宫（Kremlin）控制着经济的方方面面，其目的是使得�
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