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  尼克松,美国总统,1969-1974年:对美国来说,是实行新经济政策的时候了。目标就是对付失业和通货膨胀。
  RICHARD CHENEY: At one point President Nixon spoke up and quoted Nikita Khrushchev; and he said; ";Khrushchev once told me that sometimes in order to be a statesman; you have to be a politician for a while。";
  RICHARD CHENEY:尼克松总统大胆提到和引用了赫鲁晓夫的话,他所“赫鲁晓夫曾经告诉我有时候为了作一名政治家,你不得不暂时作一下政客。”
  MILTON FRIEDMAN: The problem with him was that he was willing to sacrifice principles too easily for political advantage。
  弗里德曼:他的问题是他愿意为了政治利益而如此轻易地牺牲原则。
  NARRATOR: The voters liked the president's war on prices。 Nixon was reelected in a landslide。 The economy did less well。
  旁白:选民赞同总统对价格的管制。尼克松以绝对优势连任总统。经济情况有所恶化。
  DANIEL YERGIN: Right away the economy went out of whack。 People couldn't cover their costs。 Ranchers stopped sending cattle to market; farmers started drowning their chickens。 Instead of controlling inflation; they were creating shortages。
  丹尼尔。尤金:经济状况没有立刻走出低谷。人们无法收回成本。牧场主不再把牛赶到市场上去卖;农场主把鸡淹死。与控制通货膨胀相反,他们造成了短缺。
  NARRATOR: And prices just kept on rising。
  旁白:而价格仍然在上升。
  MILTON FRIEDMAN: The last time I saw Nixon in the Oval Office; with George Shultz; President Nixon said to me; ";Don't blame George for this silly business of wage and price control;"; meaning George Shultz。 And I said to him; ";Oh; no; Mr。 President; I don't blame George; I blame you!";
  弗里德曼:我最后一次在总统办公室里看见尼克松时,还有George Shultz,尼克松总统对我说:“不要为这个愚蠢的工资和价格管制责备乔治,”而我则说:“噢,不,总统先生,我不责怪乔治;我责怪你!”
  

Chapter 13: A Mixed Economy Flounders '8:36'
第十三章:混合经济的挣扎
  Onscreen title: London; 1973
  字幕标题:伦敦,1973年
  NARRATOR: Britain's mixed economy; so widely imitated; was in similar trouble。 It; too; was facing the deadly bination of unemployment and inflation。 In theory; the Conservative prime minister Ted Heath and his Cabinet believed in markets。 In practice; like Nixon; they made a sharp U…turn and used wage and price controls to bat stagflation。
  旁白:被广为仿效的英国混合经济面临同样的困境,也面临着失业和通货膨胀的致命组合。理论上,保守党首相Ted Heath和他的内阁相信市场;但实际上,与尼克松一样,他们做了180度的转弯,用工资和价格管制来与滞胀作斗争。
  KENNETH BAKER; Conservative Minister; 1981…1992: I was a junior minister in Ted Heath's government; and I remember having to attend meetings with three or four other ministers where we would actually decide the level of charges plumbers would charge next week to repair taps and how much taxi drivers could charge for fares and how much hairdressers should get in wages。 It was absolutely unbelievable。 It all came to a very sticky end; a plete collapse。
  KENNETH BAKER,保守党大臣,1981-1992年:我是Ted Heath的内阁大臣,我记得我和其他三个和四个大臣们参加了一些会议,在那些会上我们必须决定下周水管工人应为修水管收多少钱、出租车司机应向乘客收取多少费用以及理发师该拿多少工资。这绝对令人难以置信。所有这些都已悲惨的下场结尾-彻底的崩溃。
  NARRATOR: A coal miners' strike and an oil crisis plunged the country into darkness。 Voters blamed Ted Heath and voted the Conservatives out of office。
  旁白:煤矿工人罢工和石油危机时英国陷入了黑暗之中。选民们归咎于Ted Heath并把保守党赶出了政府。
  SHOP MANAGER: Well; we're virtually out of business while the power's off。 We've got no sets that we can operate at all。
  商店经理:没有动力我们事实上就破产了。我们所有的装置都根本无法运转。
  DAVID YOUNG; Conservative Minister; 1984…1989: We were the sick man of Europe; and the English disease was the disease of strikes; which we had all over the place。 And you know; it was so bad that Herman Kahn of the Hudson Institute wrote a book called The Year 2000; and he saw many things; but the one thing he did see was that the lowest standard of living in Europe in the year 2000 would be shared between Albania and the United Kingdom。 Albania!
  DAVID YOUNG,保守党大臣,1984-1989年:我们是欧洲病人,英国病就是罢工病,这里到处都有罢工。你知道,情况如此糟糕以至于Hudson Institute的Herman Kahn写了一本名为《2000年》的书,书中他预言了很多事情,其中一件是在2000年的欧洲,生活水平最低的两个国家是阿尔巴尼亚和联合王国。阿尔巴尼亚!
  NARRATOR: A minister in the defeated government; 基思?约瑟夫 may have been an unworldly intellectual; but his search for fresh answers would change the way not only Britain but the world thought about economics and society。
  旁白:作为一个失败内阁的大臣,基思?约瑟夫可能一直是个不谙世故的知识分子,但他对新答案的探求不仅改变了英国也改变了世界思考经济和社会的方式。
  KENNETH BAKER: Keith wore a hair shirt; he beat his breast; and said we were to blame; we've got it wrong。 And he did beat his breast。 He was called a Mad Monk。
  KENNETH BAKER:基思穿着一件刚毛衬衣,拍着自己的胸膛说我们应承担责任;我们做错了。他确实捶胸顿足。他被称为“疯狂的修士”。
  KEITH JOSEPH (interviewed in 1975): I thought I was a Conservative。 I thought I was a Conservative; but all the time I was in favor of。。。 I was in favor of shortcuts to Utopia。 I was in favor of the government doing things; because I was so impatient for good things to be done。
  基思。约瑟夫(1975年的采访):我曾经认为自己是保守主义者。我曾经认为自己是保守主义者,但是我一直都赞同……我赞同乌托邦。我赞成政府干预,因为我对待做的美好事物是如此地缺乏耐心。
  KENNETH BAKER: And when he appeared on television; he had a vein in his head which kept throbbing; and people said; ";Oh; you know; this is a very strange figure indeed; this man。"; But nonetheless; he started to rethink the Conservative policy。
  KENNETH BAKER:当他出现在电视上时,他头上的血管在不停跳动。人们说:“噢,你知道,事实上他是一个非常奇怪的人。”虽然如此,他仍然开始重新思考保守党的政策。
  NARRATOR: Keith Joseph's search brought him here; where; with Hayek's encouragement; a group of kindred spirits had set up a think tank called the Institute of Economic Affairs。
  旁白:在哈耶克的鼓励下,基思?约瑟夫与思想库-经济问题研究所建立了联系。
  RALPH HARRIS: The institute started in 1957; you could say the direct result of the Mont Pelerin Society; of The Road to Serfdom; of Hayek's ideas of freedom and petitive enterprise。
  拉尔夫。哈里斯:研究所创建于1957年,可以说是朝圣山学社、《通往奴役的道路》以及哈耶克关于自由和竞争企业的思想的直接产物。
  NARRATOR: With the zeal of a convert; Joseph began to preach the virtues of free markets。 In a series of pamphlets; he went on the intellectual offensive; attacking the mixed economy; making the case for capitalism。
  旁白:怀着一种皈依者的热诚,约瑟夫开始鼓吹自由市场的优点。在一系列小册子中,他展开了思想攻势,对混合经济进行攻击,为资本主义进行争取。
  Mark Garnett is a biographer of Keith Joseph。
  Mark Garnett是基思。约瑟夫的传记作者。
  MARK GARNETT; Biographer of Keith Joseph: From the middle of 1974 Joseph undertakes a crusade to convert the country to his way of thinking; and what he wants to do is take the battle to the heart of the enemy camp; and he believed that the universities were infected with socialist thinking。
  MARK GARNETT,基思。约瑟夫的传记作者:从1974年中期开始,约瑟夫进行了一次十字军东征向整个国家宣扬他的思想;他想做的是把战斗推进到敌人的心脏地带;他相信大学已经被社会主义思想所腐蚀。
  KEITH JOSEPH: Because there was a free society in this country。。。。
  基思。约瑟夫:因为这个国家是一个自由社会……
  CECIL PARKINSON; Conservative Minister; 1981…1983; 1987…1989: And he was going right into the lions' den; arguing a case that many people had never heard before。
  CECIL PARKINSON,保守党大臣,1981-1983年:他直入虎穴,辩论很多人已经从未听过的话题。
  MARK GARNETT: Joseph felt that it was his duty to fight back on behalf of the free market。
  MARK GARNETT:约瑟夫觉得代表自由市场进行战斗是他的责任。
  NARRATOR: To revive the economy; Joseph preached that Britain needed more risk…taking; which meant more bankrupts and more millionaires; and less equality。
  旁白:为了使经济复苏,约瑟夫鼓吹英国需要冒更大的风险,这意味着更多的破产、更多的百万富翁和更少的平等。
  CECIL PARKINSON: The audience would sort of gasp。 They'd never heard anybody challenging the consensus。
  CECIL PARKINSON:听众将有些惊讶。他们从未听过有人挑战主流意见。
  KEITH JOSEPH: Mild inflation seemed a painless way of maintaining full employment; encouraging growth; and expanding the social services。 So the result is that we're now more socialist in many ways than any other developed country outside the munist bloc。
  基思。约瑟夫:温和的通货膨胀似乎是保持充分就业、鼓励增长和扩大社会服务的一种无痛苦方式。结果是我们今天在许多方面都比共产主义集团以外的任何发达国家更接近社会主义。
  RALPH HARRIS: He used to be smuggled in the back door。 He was genuinely hurt that the students had reacted to this penetrating argument by chucking flour bombs at him。
  拉尔夫。哈里斯:他过去常常被从后门偷偷带进来。学生们对他尖锐的观点报之以面粉团,这真正伤害了他。
  MARK GARNETT: It was almost a badge of honor that he would e away from these meetings with egg yolk running down his suit。
  MARK GARNETT:他离开会场时衣服上带着打破的鸡蛋,这几乎成了他的荣誉勋章。
  NARRATOR: Keith Joseph's most significant adherent was an up…and…ing Conservative politician named Margaret Thatcher。 In Parliament and politics; Thatcher's closest friends agree that Keith Joseph's influence on her was crucial。
  旁白:基思。约瑟夫最重要的信徒是一位崭露头角的保守党政治家-玛格丽特。撒切尔。撒切尔在议会两院以及政治生涯中的密友都承认基思。约瑟夫对她的影响极其重要。
  NIGEL VINSON; Institute of Economic Affairs: She relied on him to give her deep intellectual support。 There's nothing wrong with intuition。 Intuition is reason in a hurry; and Keith just supported and reinforced her intuition。 At the very moment; she needed that support。
  NIGEL VINSON,经济问题研究所:她依靠他来获取深度的思想支持。直觉没有错,直觉是理由,而基思恰恰支持和加强了她的直觉。在非常深刻,她需要这种支持。
  NARRATOR: Margaret Thatcher had a gut instinct for market economics。 Her father had been a grocer; and when she was a girl; she had helped him in the shop。 Hardworking and studious; she won a place at Oxford University; where she became interested in student politics。
  旁白:玛格丽特。撒切尔对市场经济有一种本能的直觉。她的父亲是杂货店主;当撒切尔还是个少女时,她就已经在店里帮忙了。苦干和勤学使她得以进入牛津大学学习,在那里她开始政治感兴趣。
  While she was at Oxford; she read Hayek's Road to Serfdom。 It made a lasting impression on her。 Years later; when she became the first woman to lead the Conservative Party; she once slammed Hayek's book down on a table and announced; ";This is what we believe。";
  她在牛津的时候就阅读了哈耶克的《通往奴役的道路》,这给她留下了长久的印象。多年以后,当她成为保守党的第一位女领袖时,她曾经猛地将哈耶克的书拍在桌子上,宣布:“这是我的信仰。”
  RALPH HARRIS: (laughs) Thatcher's office came on and said could she e and drop in to see him。 And so she called by; and there was a period of unaccustomed silence from Margaret Thatcher as she sat there; intense; attending to the master's words。
  拉尔夫。哈里斯:(笑)撒切尔的办公室人员来到说她可否来顺道拜访他。于是她就来顺道拜访了,她坐在那里不同寻常的沉默了一段时间,专注于主人的谈话。
  NARRATOR: By 1974; Hayek sensed the world beginning to go his way。
  旁白:到1974年的时候,哈耶克感觉到世界开始按他的方式出发。
  FRIEDRICH VON HAYEK (interviewed in 1978): As for the movement of intellectual opinion is concerned; it is now for the first time in my life moving in the right direction。
  哈耶克(1978年的采访):就所关心的思想观点运动来说,现在是我生命中第一次朝正确的方向运动。
  Onscreen title: Stockholm; 1974
  字幕标题:斯德哥尔摩,1974年
  NARRATOR: In the battle of ideas; 1974 was a turning point。 Hayek's Nobel Prize came as a surprise; but the balance was now shifting away from Keynes and towards Hayek。
  旁白:在思想的战争中,1974年是一个转折点。哈耶克获得诺贝尔奖令人惊讶,但是天平现在正从凯恩斯一方向哈耶克一方倾斜。
  FRIEDRICH VON HAYEK: I like to say when I was a young man; only the very old men still believed in the free…market system。 When I was in my middle ages I myself and nobody else believed in it。 And now I have the pleasure of having lived long enough to see that the young people again believe in it。 And that is a very important change。
  哈耶克:我想说我年轻时,只有很老的人才相信自由市场体系;我中年时除了我自己以外没有人相信它;现在我很高兴活得够长能看到年轻人再次信奉它。这是一个非常重要的变化。
  

Chapter 14: Deregulation Takes Off '7:29'
第十四章:取消管制
  Onscreen title: Chicago; 1974
  字幕标题:芝加哥,1974年
  NARRATOR: The 
  旁白:美国经济正经历着自大萧条以后最严重的低迷时期。工业发展缓慢;失业上升;阿拉伯石油禁运后接踵而来的是赎罪日战争。美国人排队等待购买汽油;所有的价格都在上涨。
  Chicago School economists had always argued that rigid government regulations were keeping prices high and fueling inflation。 Now more people began to wonder if petition could break the inflationary stranglehold。
  芝加哥学派的经济学家一直争论说政府的硬性规章使价格居高不下,助长了通货膨胀。现在更多的人开始想知道竞争是否能够打破通货膨胀的束缚。
  SAM PELTZMAN: What is the effect of regulating the airlines? What is the effect of regulating the trucking industry? And what is the effect of regulating the railroad industry? Very often; it raises prices。 Instead of allowing petition; it suppresses petition。
  SAM PELTZMAN:管制航线的影响是什么?管制火车运输业的影响是什么?管制铁路的影响是什么?管制常常引起价格上涨。与允许竞争相反,它抑制了竞争。
  Onscreen title: Washington; ; 1974
  字幕标题:华盛顿,1974年
  NARRATOR: In the airline industry; the host of regulations enacted during the Great Depression were still in force。 It was a classic example of regulated capitalism。 But deregulation was in the air。
  旁白:大萧条时期针对航空业制定的许多规章制度至今仍然有效。这是管制资本主义的一个典型例子。但是违反规定的情况有可能发生。
  Stephen Breyer; now a Supreme Court justice; then a Harvard professor; was asked by liberal Democratic senator Ted Kennedy to head a Senate investigation of airline regulations。
  现任最高法院法官的Stephen Breyer那时是哈佛大学的一名教授,应自由主义者-民主党参议员Ted Kennedy的请求主持一项关于航空业规章制度的调查研究。
  STEPHEN BREYER; : You discovered that basically the same firms that had been there in 1938 were still there。 Those were the major carriers and nobody new。
  STEPHEN BREYER,美国最高法院法官:我们发现自从1938年以来基本就是那些公司存在,它们是主要的航空公司,没有新进入者。
  NARRATOR: The hearings began; and officials from the Civil Aeronautics Board were called to testify。
  旁白:听证开始了;美国民用航空局的官员被召来作证。
  STEPHEN BREYER: And it turned out that 5 percent of their time went to stop prices that were too high and 95 percent of their time went to stop prices that were too low; but always the effort was to keep the price high and not low。
  STEPHEN BREYER:事实证明他们5%的时间用来调整过高的价格,95%的时间用来调整过低的价格,但是调整价格的努力总是使价格处于高位而不是低位。
  NARRATOR: Naturally; the established airlines were quite happy with this arrangement。
  旁白:自然,已存在的航空公司对此非常高兴。
  STEPHEN BREYER: And we'd say; ";When was the last time you granted a new route? Well?";
  STEPHEN BREYER:我们要说:“什么时候你们才最后批准新路线?啊?”
  NARRATOR: Regulations meant that major carriers like Pan Am never had to pete with newers。 But some cut…price charter flight operators wanted to break this club。 Leading the struggle against Pan Am over its profitable trans…Atlantic flights was an exuberant Englishman called Freddie Laker。
  旁白:规章制度意味着主要的航空公司,比如泛美航空公司,永远不必和新进入者竞争。但是一些打折的包机飞行经营者希望打破这个俱乐部。一位名叫Freddie Laker 的活力充沛的英国人领导了反对泛美航空公司有利可图的横跨大西洋航线的斗争。
  FREDDY LAKER: I'm Freddy Laker。 I own Laker Airways; and I'm dedicated to low…cost air travel。 With Laker you can fly round trip to the USA or Canada in one of our wide…bodied DC…10s for less than half the price of a normal economy ticket。 Look; I've got to give you a better deal …… I've got my name on every plane。
  FREDDY LAKER:我是Freddy Laker。我拥有Laker航线,致力于降低空中旅行的费用。选择Laker,你可以乘坐我们的道尔-10s飞机作到美国或者加拿大的往返飞行,而价格还不到正常经济舱机票价格的一半。看,我在每架飞机上都留下了我的名字。
  STEPHEN BREYER: The Transportation Department said that this may hurt Pan Am。 And Freddy Laker testified and said; ";The cause of this whole thing is 'Panamania。'"; So we said; ";What is that?"; And he said; ";Well; everybody should do everything for Pan Am。";
  STEPHEN BREYER:运输部认为这可能会损害泛美航空公司。Freddy Laker作证时说:“整件事的原因就是‘Panamania’。”我们问“那是什么意思?";他回答说:“噢,所有的人都应该为泛美航空公司的利益服务。”
  NARRATOR: The man who was to sweep away airline regulations is a lifelong Gilbert and Sullivan fan。 Improbably enough; the bearded poet is played by Fred Kahn; a professor at Cornell University。
  旁白:这个将要消除航线管制的男人毕生都是吉尔伯特和沙利文迷。难以相信的是,这位留胡子诗人的角色是由Fred Kahn-康奈尔大学的一位教授-来扮演的。
  Kahn wanted a leaner; meaner regulatory environment in which the market was free to chase profits without the dead weight of bloated government。 Democratic president Jimmy Carter made Kahn head of the Civil Aeronautics Board。 Kahn had spent years studying government regulation; now he had a chance to do something about it。
  Kahn想做个倾斜,意即调整环境使市场可以自由追逐利润却没有傲慢政府这个累赘。民主党总统吉米。卡特任命Kahn为民用航空局局长。Kahn已经花了数年时间来研究政府的规章制度;现在他有机会做些什么了。
  ALFRED KAHN; Civil Aeronautics Board; 1977…1978: When I got to the Civil Aeronauts Board; the biggest division under me was the division of enforcement …… in effect; FBI agents who would go around and seek out secret discounts and then impose fines。 We would discipline them。 It was illegal to pete in price。 That means it was illegal to pete in the discounts you offer travel agents。 So we regulated travel agents' discounts。 Internationally; since they couldn't cut rates; they peted by having more and more sumptuous meals。 We actually regulated the size of sandwiches。
  ALFRED KAHN,民用航空局,1977-1978年:当我到民用航空局上任时,我手下最大的一个部门是强制执行部门-实际上就是FBI探员,他们四处侦察,搜出有秘密折扣行为的公司然后罚款。我们强制大家执行规定。价格竞争是违法的,这意味着在提供给旅行代办人的折扣上竞争是违法的。因此我们管制旅行代办人的折扣。国际上,既然不能降价,他们就靠越来越奢侈的食品来竞争。我们事实上管制的是三明治的大小。
  NARRATOR: By the time Kahn had finished; the 
  旁白:到Kahn卸任时,民用航空局除了关门之外已经没剩下什么事情可作。
  SPOKESMAN FOR THE CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD: petition is the rule; and because of it; the consumers are better served than ever。
  民用航空局发言人:竞争是规则,所以消费者将得到比以往更好的服务。
  NARRATOR: Airline deregulation led to painful turbulence as new carri
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