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制高点-第15部分

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 working people; most normal citizens don't watch the volume of trade。 panies have been more aggressive and threatening to move production to Mexico。 They've succeeded in bargaining down wages and opposing unions。 And so in a lot of different fronts we think that NAFTA has shifted the balance of bargaining power in the continent of North America towards multinational corporations。
  THEA LEE:很明显,贸易已经增加了,投资也增加了。如果用来衡量北美自由贸易协定的唯一标准是贸易的化,那么它毫无疑问是极其成功的。但是,绝大部分劳动者和普通公民并不观察贸易额。公司越来越积极地和具有威胁性地把生产转移到墨西哥去。在降低薪水和反对工会的谈判中,他们已经取得了成功。因此,在很多不同的层面上,我们认为北美自由贸易协定已经把谈判力量的平衡从北美大陆转移到了跨国公司。
  NARRATOR: Since NAFTA came into effect; about 400;000 American jobs have been ";adversely affected"; by trade with Canada and Mexico; according to the ; and over the '90s; global trade nearly doubled。
  旁白:根据美国政府的报告,自从北美自由贸易协定生效以来,大约有400,000名美国人的工作受到了与加拿大和墨西哥之间贸易的“负面影响”,对这些地区的出口已经创造了超过一百万份的新工作机会,在整个90年代,全球贸易几乎增长了一倍。
   。 想看书来

Chapter 5: The Global Market '3:48'
第五章 全球市场
  NARRATOR: We tend to think of trade as products and goods moving across borders。 In fact; the biggest trade of all can't be seen。 It is money; the continuous; 24…hour worldwide flows of stocks; bonds; and currencies。 In the 1990s; practically anyone with savings in a pension or mutual fund became an investor in the global market。
  旁白:我们倾向于认为贸易就是产品和货物在国家之间流动。而事实上,最大的贸易我们是看不见的——就是金钱——24小时、全球范围的股票、债券和货币的流动。在20世纪90年代,几乎所有在退休基金和互助基金中有所储蓄的人都成为全球市场投资者。
  Onscreen caption: Trade in goods and services: 8 trillion
  Trade in currencies: 288 trillion
  字幕:商品和服务贸易额:8万亿美元
  货币贸易:288万亿美元
  DANIEL YERGIN: I was at a dinner; a so…called thinkers' dinner at the White House before one of the State of the Union addresses; and there's this great discussion among all the people around the table about markets; about ";them out there;"; that it's somebody different。 Finally I raised my hand and said: ";With all due respect; the market isn't just them; it's us。 It's our aggregated retirement savings; it's our pension plans。 That's what the markets are。";
  DANIEL YERGIN:在一次国情咨文报告之前,我参加了白宫的一个宴会——一个所谓思想家的宴会,所有在场的人都在热烈讨论有关市场的问题,关于“他们到了哪里”,以及某个市场有极大不同,等等。最终,我举起手:“我很庄重认为,市场不仅仅和所谓“他们”有关,市场就是“我们”,是我们所有的退休基金,是我们的养老计划,这才是我们的市场。
  Onscreen caption: Sacramento; California
  字幕:Sacramento; 加利福尼亚
  NARRATOR: The state of California runs one of America's largest pension funds。 The fund; known as CalPERS; manages the retirement savings of over a million state employees。
  旁白:加州管理着美国最大的退休基金,这个名为CalPERS的基金管理着超过一百万本州员工的退休储蓄金。
  Onscreen caption: CalPERS
  California Public Employees' Retirement System
  Assets: 150 billion
  字幕:CalPERS
  加利福尼亚公共雇员退休系统
  资产:1500亿美元
  For decades; CalPERS invested only in America。 But in the era of globalization; that changed。 A quarter of its money was invested overseas。 At one point; CalPERS controlled 5 percent of France's entire stock market。
  数十年以来,CalPERS只在美国进行投资。但是在全球化的时代里,这种情况发生了变化,有四分之一的钱在海外进行投资,CalPERS曾一度控制了法国股票市场总市值的5%。
  French television sent a crew to investigate。
  法国电视台曾派出小组对此进行调查。
  MARY COTTRILL; Principal Investment Officer; CalPERS: They were filming in my office; and I had a salad on my desk because it'd been just a very hectic day。 We were talking about some figures on my puter; but they kept filming this salad; and I got the feeling that; you know; the story was going to be; ";The Americans are ing; and they're going to ruin the French way of life。 We're all going to be eating salads at our desk and working 12 or 14 hours;"; which; of course; is not true at all。 But I think it was just a fear; I think; that we've see in the news that globalization means Americanization。
  MARY COTTRILL; 主要投资官员; CalPERS: 他们在我的办公室里进行拍摄,我的桌上有沙拉,因为当天非常忙碌。我们在谈论电脑里的一些数据,而他们却不停地拍摄我的沙拉。我感觉到——你也知道——故事将是这样的:“美国人来了,他们将要破坏法国的生活方式,我们都要在办公桌上吃沙拉,并每天工作12…14个小时”, 当然,这些报道根本不真实。但是我想我只是害怕——新闻里把全球化成为美国化。
  NARRATOR: Pension funds became the powerhouses of the global economy because they had the money。
  旁白:退休基金成为全球经济的动力源泉,因为它们拥有资金。
  BILL CRIST; President; CalPERS: Because the world is getting smaller and smaller; as we say; and the growth of the global economy; as we say; this is。。。 The real source of change in today's world; whether anybody likes it or not; increasingly are large pension funds。
  BILL CRIST; CalPERS总裁:以为世界正变的越来越小,正如我们所说的那样,全球经济的增长,象我们所说的,这是……今天,巨大的退休基金越来越成为世界变化的真正源泉——不管人们喜欢还是不喜欢。
  Onscreen caption: Americans have 
  字幕:美国有万亿的资金投资在退休基金。
  INVESTOR: I have some of my own mutual funds overseas; and they seem to be doing pretty well right now。
  投资者:我在海外拥有自己的互助基金,现在,它们看起来表现良好。
  INVESTOR: I think with respect to CalPERS; they have a fiduciary responsibility to seek those markets out and get the best return for their shareholders。
  投资者:我认为,CalPERS负有信托责任,要寻找这样的市场,为它们的股东获取最大的收益。
  INVESTOR: We can't keep everything in the United States。 You keep things in the United States; it's still not in the United States; because so many panies are global。 Everything is global; everything is interconnected。
  投资者:我们不能把所有的钱都在美国进行投资。即使你把钱投在美国,其实钱还没有完全在美国国内,因为很多公司都是全球性的。所有的一切都是全球性的,相互联系的。
  

Chapter 6: Emerging Market Hunters '5:01'
第六章:新兴市场的猎寻猎者
  NARRATOR: With the end of the Cold War; many nations opened their markets to foreign investment for the first time。 Funds like CalPERS saw new opportunities and hired money managers to scour the Third World; now renamed ";emerging markets。";
  旁白:随着冷战的结束,许多国家首次对外国投资开放了他们的市场,象CalPERS一样的基金看到了新的机遇,纷纷招募基金经理来扫荡第三世界——现在被成为“新兴市场”。
  Onscreen caption: Mark Mobius
  Templeton Emerging Markets Fund
  Travels to 15 countries per month
  Manages 6 billion
  字幕: Mark Mobius
  Templeton新兴市场基金
  每月要去15个国家
  管理 60 亿美元
  MARK MOBIUS; Manager; Templeton Emerging Markets Fund: The whole rationale is that these emerging countries grow faster; so what we're trying to do is capture that growth; and of course make money for investors。 But of course the risks are very great; because there's no free lunch。 If you want to capture that growth you've got to take many more risks。 So there's a balance; and of course it's our job to try and minimize the risks and maximize the returns。 It doesn't always work out that way; but that's the objective。
  MARK MOBIUS; 基金经理; Templeton新兴市场基金:整个理论——这些新兴市场增长迅猛——所以我们正努力抓住这个增长机遇,当然也为投资者获得回报。当然,这样做风险也很大,因为天下没有免费的午餐。如果你想抓住增长机遇,就要承担更大的风险。因此,风险和投资回报之间应该有一个平衡点。当然我们的工作就是努力及小化风险并最大化投资回报。但是,这只是我们的目标,并不是所有的时候我们都能做到这一点。
  NARRATOR: As investment flowed around the world; the Clinton administration expanded the trade agenda it adopted with NAFTA。 The 
  旁白:在投资在全球流动的时候,克林顿政府将北美自由贸易协定的贸易条款的适用范围进行了扩大,美国政府鼓励发展中国家继续对全球市场开放。
  BILL CLINTON: I favored a very aggressive policy。 I thought the emerging countries …… both emerging economically and those that were new democracies …… had a better chance to do well economically and politically if the wealthier countries opened our borders and made trade agreements with them; and if in turn they opened their borders not only to trade; but to investment。 I thought that economic policy and traditional foreign policy would tend to merge。
  比尔克林顿:我支持非常具有进攻性的政策,我认为,如果比较富有的国家开放它们的国界,和新兴国家签订贸易协定,并且不光对贸易开放,而且对投资开放,新兴国家——新兴经济国家和那些新兴民主国家——将有更好的机会获得经济和政治上的成功。我认为经济政策和传统外交政策将会出现。
  LAURA TYSON; Chair of the ; 1993…1995: This is how it worked。 If you go back to the first term; a lot of the international approach of the administration on economic issues was to break down barriers to ; cajole; or convince them to bring down their barriers。
  LAURA TYSON,美国国家经济理事会主席,1993…1995:道理就是这样的。如果我们回顾一下他的第一个任期,许多关于经济问题的政策都旨在打破美国公司的壁垒。我们将与我们的贸易伙伴接触,鼓励、推动或者说服他们取消这些壁垒。
  NARRATOR: Many developing countries had been colonies of the West。 Although they now wanted long…term foreign investment; some saw fast…moving flows of money as a new threat to their independence。
  旁白:许多发展中国家曾经是西方国家的殖民地,虽然他们现在需要海外长期投资,但是,有些国家认为快速流动的资金对他们的国家独立是一种威胁。
  MAHATHIR BIN MOHAMAD; Prime Minister of Malaysia: Once munism was defeated; then capitalism could expand and show its true self。 It's no longer constrained by the need to be nice; so that people will choose their so…called free…market system as opposed to the centrally planned system。 So because of that; nowadays there is nothing to restrain capital; and capital is demanding that it should be able to go anywhere and do whatever it likes。
  马哈蒂尔,马来西亚首相:共产主义失败以后,资本主义就能够进行扩张并表现出本来面目。 它会因为需要总是表现出善良的一面而限制自己,所以人们将选择他们和集中计划式系统相反的所谓自由市场体系。由于这个原因,今天没有什么力量能对资金进行限制,资金的要求也非常苛刻,它应该能够流向它所喜欢的任何地方并做任何事情。
  NARRATOR: Some called it ";the triumph of capitalism。"; During the 1990s; more countries than ever adopted market economics。
  旁白:有些人称之为“资本主义的胜利?,在90年代期间,有史以来最多的国家实施了市场经济政策。
  As an economics professor; Bill Crist had taught a course paring Marxist and capitalist theory。 As president of CalPERS; the California state pension fund; Crist came to believe that only open markets could ensure global stability。
  作为一名经济学教授,Bill Crist曾教授过马克思主义和资本主义理论比较课程,作为CalPERS——加州养老基金的总裁,Bill Crist逐渐认识到:只有开放的市场才能确保全球稳定。
  BILL CRIST: If we don't reach out to these emerging markets; if we don't be evangelists; if you will; and try to encourage them to reform and invest some of our capital funds into these markets; taking advantage of those opportunities; if we don't do that; I'm afraid that some of the predictions that were made a long time ago by Karl Marx and Mr。 Engels and others 'will e true; and' that there will indeed be a confrontation between the haves and the have…nots that can bring the entire system down。
  BILL CRIST:如果我们不涉足这些新兴市场,如果我们不去充当福音传道者,如果你愿意,应努力鼓励他们进行改革并将一些基金投资到这些市场里去,利用这些机遇。如果我们不这样做,恐怕马克思和恩格斯在很久以前所做的预言就要变成现实了——在穷人和富人之间将出现对峙,并将使整个体系土崩瓦解。
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Chapter 7: Averting a Meltdown: 1994 '4:56'
第七章: 避免垮台1994
  Onscreen caption: Mexico; January 1994
  字幕:墨西哥,1994年1月
  NARRATOR: The very day NAFTA came into effect; Zapatista rebels launched an uprising in Southern Mexico。 Shortly afterward; the leading presidential candidate was assassinated。
  旁白:就在北美自由贸易协定生效的当天,萨帕塔主义叛乱份子在墨西哥南部发动了暴乱,很快,主要总统候选人被暗杀了。
  Worried about stability; foreign investment began to flee。 The global economy was about to face a new kind of crisis。
  出于对稳定情况的担心,国外投资开始抽逃,全球经济即将面临一个新的危机。
  Onscreen caption: Washington; December 1994
  字幕:华盛顿,1994年12月
  ROBERT RUBIN: Christmas vacation; I was fishing down in the British Virgin Islands; and Larry Summers '; 1999…2001' called me; and he said; ";There's some problems in Mexico I'd like you to know about。"; And I thought to myself that it was nice of Larry to call on the one hand; on the other hand I'm on vacation; and; you know; Mexico today; it'll be some other country tomorrow; and I don't know why this can't wait till I get back。 Well; it turned out that this was not just another country。 It was a very; very serious matter。
  罗伯特鲁宾:在圣诞节期间,我正在英属维京群岛钓鱼,萨墨斯 '美国财长; 1999…2001'给我打来电话,他说:“我想让你知道一些墨西哥发生的问题”。一方面,我觉得他给我打电话是好事,而另一方面,我又在度假,你知道的,墨西哥的今天将是其它一些国家的明天,我不知道为什么不能等我回去以后在告诉我呢?结果这还不是其它国家,这是一个非常非常严重的事件。
  NEWT GINGRICH: I was at a restaurant; and they came and said; ";The secretary of the Treasury is on the line;"; and I got on the line; and he said: ";Greenspan and I have a problem。 (laughs) And we believe if we don't move very decisively that the Mexican peso will implode。 If it implodes; the Mexican government will bee very unstable; and we believe you could have a wave of five to nine million people walking north to find jobs。";
  NEWT GINGRICH:我当时正在饭店,他们来跟我说:“财长打来电话”,我去接了,他说:“格林斯潘和我有一个问题。(笑声)我们相信,如果我们不能果断做出决定,墨西哥比索将会崩溃,如果墨西哥比索崩溃的话,墨西哥政府将变的非常不稳定,我们相信,会有5-9百万人拥到美国来找工作”。
  ROBERT RUBIN: He understood it very quickly; and I remember his saying; ";This is the first financial crisis of the 21st century。";
  罗伯特鲁宾:他理解的非常快,我记得他当时说:这是21世纪的第一场经济危机。
  NEWT GINGRICH: I said to him; ";This is the first real…time; worldwide financial crisis of a kind that will bee very normal。"; And so I said; instinctively; ";I'll back you。";
  NEWT GINGRICH:我告诉他说:“这是一场真实的、世界范围的、以后将变的非常普遍的金融危机”,而且我还本能地说:“我会支持你的。”
  Onscreen caption: Robert Rubin called an urgent meeting at the Treasury。
  Mexico was about to default on its foreign debt。
  字幕:罗伯特鲁宾召集了财政部紧急会议。
  墨西哥将要拖欠外债。
  ROBERT RUBIN: It was fascinating; because we had Mexico; which we really did think was facing default; and we had enormous political problems acplishing what we felt we needed to acplish to support Mexico; to try to prevent this from happening; and we all knew that while we believed the program we were remending was right; there was some risk it wouldn't work。
  罗伯特鲁宾:这很奇怪,因为有墨西哥——一个我们真的认为正在面临拖欠形势的国家,为了支持墨西哥,为了防止这种情况的发生,我们有重大的政治问题——我们认为需要的问题——要解决,我们都知道,即使当我们相信我们推荐的项目是正确的时候,仍然存在项目出错的风险。
  LAURA TYSON: You go in and say to the president: ";Here is a big crisis that could happen。 We can tell you something to do about it。 We can't tell you it's going to work。 It's very risky; and we know it's extremely unpopular; but we think you should do it anyway。";
  LAURA TYSON:你走就进来对总统说:“要发生一个严重的危机,我们能告诉你一些有关的情况,但是我们无法告诉措施是否有效,但风险很大,我们知道这一措施非常不受欢迎,但是我们认为无论如何你都应该这样做。
  Onscreen caption: The president's advisors remended a loan package to Mexico: 50 billion。
  字幕:总统咨询人员建议给墨西哥政府提供一项贷款安排:500亿美元
  BILL CLINTON: Somewhere between five and 10 minutes I listened to all of this。 I say: ";Well; this is a no…brainer。 We've got to do this。 If we don't do this; Mexico will certainly fail。 Then the borders will be flooded with illegal immigrants who are starving and need food and a job。 We'll have an enemy on our Southern border; people that will remember when they were down and they were in need 'and that' we were not a good neighbor; and we will pay hugely for that。 All over the developing world; people who look at us and think that we are smug and rich and unresponsive and don't care about anybody else will have all that confirmed。 If we help; at least people will know we tried in a good cause; and it will resonate throughout the developing world。";
  比尔克林顿:大约在5到10分钟之内,我听完了所有这些。我说:“这用不着思考,我们必须这样做,如果不这样做,墨西哥肯定会崩溃,那么边界地区就会充斥着非法移民,他们饱受饥饿之苦,急需食品和工作。在南部边界,我们会有一个敌人,他们会牢记:在他们受难、需要帮助的时候,我们并没有做一个好的邻居。我们会对此付出巨大的代价。在所有的发展中国家,人们将看着我们,认为我们自命不凡、富有但是麻木不仁,而且不关心任何其他人,所有这些都将加深这样的认识。如果我们提供援助,至少人们会知道,我们努力进行了一件善意的事业,这将在发展中国家产生良好的反响。
  NARRATOR: The bailout worked。 Mexico paid back the loan …… early。
  旁白:援助计划取得了效果。墨西哥较早偿还了贷款
  For some; the intervention set a dangerous precedent: protecting big investors from risks they had willingly taken。
  对有些人士而言,这种干预是一个危险的先例,保护那些心甘情愿承担风险的大型投资者的利益。
  LARRY LINDSEY; Assistant to the : Remember; the people that got bailed out were foreign holders of Mexican obligations; so in a sense we were trying to bail out our own citizens。 But it signaled to banks and other rich investors that the ; they should take the downside。
  LARRY LINDSEY; 美国总统经济政策助理:记住,被拯救出危机的人是对墨西哥负有义务的外国投资者,所以,在某种意义上,我们是在努力拯救我们的公民。但是,这也向银行和其他富有的投资者发出了一个信号:在当时,美国财政部要实施援救政策。冒这些风险的人应该承担这些风险。因为他们将获得回报,所以他们应该承担逆境造成的损失。
  NARRATOR: As the Mexican crisis made clear; technology had transformed financial markets: Money could literally be moved across borders in seconds。
  旁白:墨西哥危机使这一点变的很清楚——技术正在改变着金融市场:资金可以在数秒钟之内流出国界。
  

Chapter 8: The Global Village '6:47'
第八章: 全球村
  NARRATOR: During the 1990s; technology; too; leapt over national borders; spreading merce and ideas。
  旁白:在20世纪90年代,技术也超越了国界,传播着商业和观念。
  DANIEL YERGIN: It's hard to believe that at the beginning of the 1990s; e…mail was virtually unknown; most people didn't have it。 And a decade later it was everywhere; and it would just bee part of people's lives。 And so this munications network is so powerful。 The price of telephone calls plummeted。 The number of telephone calls around the world skyrocketed。 And people are in contact and connected in a way that had never happened before。
  DANIEL YERGIN:现在人们
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