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制高点-第12部分

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  LILIA SHEVTSOVA: We have been queuing every day to get something ……sugar; matches; salt。 The stakes really were very high。 Economic situation was absolute disaster。 Inflation was about 20 percent a month。 The shelves stood empty。 The prices were skyrocketing。 Everyday life was the search for survival。 Gaidar had to move very fast。
  LILIA SHEVTSOVA:我们天天排队去买东西——糖、火柴、盐,风险是非常高的,经济状况非常的糟糕,通货膨胀达到了大约每月20%,货架子都空了,物价飞涨,日常生活就是在为生计奔波。盖达必须尽快行动。
  NARRATOR: Gaidar was now in charge of the entire Russian economy。 And he was still only 35。 He assembled a team of youthful free…market reformers; among them his fellow dissenter; 36…year…old Anatoly Chubais。 munist hard…liners nicknamed them the ";little boys in pink shorts。";
  旁白:盖达现在掌管着整个俄罗斯的经济,他当时年仅35岁,他网罗了一批年轻的自由市场改革家,这其中包括有反对他的同事,36岁的阿那特利。丘拜斯(Anatoly Chubais),共产党的顽固分子们给他们起了个外号叫“穿着粉红色短裤的小男孩”。
  Jeffrey Sachs now 36; was called on to advise on economic reform。
  杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs)当时36岁了,被请来为经济改革出谋划策。
  JEFFREY SACHS: I of course had the Poland experience in mind。 Russia turned out to be something quite different。
  杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs):我当然记得波兰的经验,但俄罗斯的情况好像有很大的不同。
  NARRATOR: The Parliament was dominated by munists and other parties who opposed reform。
  旁白:国会被共产党和其它反对改革的一些政党所控制着。
  JEFFREY SACHS: Gaidar was under remarkable political attack from the first moment。 It wasn't seven days after the start of reform that the head of the Parliament called for the resignation of the government; for example。
  杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs):盖达从一开始就承受了巨大的政治攻击,比如,在他开始改革后还不到一周,国会的领导就要求政府辞职。
  YEGOR GAIDAR: It is a pseudo market utopia。
  尤戈。盖达(Yegor Gaidar):这是一个空洞的市场改良乌托邦。
  The only thing I want to ask is understanding the gravity of the situation。
  我只是想让大家明白情况的严重性。
  NARRATOR: Gaidar and his team wanted to use economic reform as a political weapon to smash the old munist system before it destroyed them。
  旁白:盖达和他的同僚们想在自己被旧的共产党体制摧毁之前,先下手为强,把经济改革作为摧毁对方的一个政治武器。
  BORIS JORDAN: It was more a survival tactic …… how can we destroy the munist; centrally controlled economy? Let's destroy the army; let's destroy the KGB; and let's destroy centrally controlled planning; rather than how are we going to build an economy?
  鲍里斯。乔丹(Boris Jordan):这更大意义上是一种生存策略——我们怎么能摧毁共产党,怎么能摧毁中央集权经济?我们要去摧毁军队,摧毁克格勃,摧毁中央控制计划,而不是去思考我们应当怎样去重建经济?
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Chapter 16: Reform Goes Awry '4:26'
第十六章: 改革走入歧途
  NARRATOR: New Year's Eve; 1991。 Next morning prices would be freed。 Gaidar's reform would directly affect the man and woman in the street。 It would also mean the end of everything the munists had stood for。
  旁白:1991年的新年除夕,第二天早上价格就会放开,盖达的改革将会直接影响到大众,这也将意味着共产党所代表的一切都将结束了。
  Next; Gaidar abolished the Soviet law that made private enterprise a criminal activity。 Gaidar believed that an effectively free market would put an end to shortages。 He didn't have long to wait。
  接下来,盖达废除了将私人企业作为犯罪行为的苏维埃法。他相信一个高度自由的市场将会消灭短缺,而且会很快。
  YEGOR GAIDAR: I was driving to my office on Old Square; past Detsky Mir; the children's shop; and I saw a huge crowd of people。 I sent my aides to find out what was going on; and they saw hundreds of people with various kinds of goods。 They were holding a copy of the decree on the freedom of trade while trying to buy or sell stuff。 So that's when I understood that in 75 years it had not been possible to extinguish this entrepreneurial spirit。 That was one of the pivotal points。 Starting from then; there were no more shortages in Russia。 I felt that we were right and that market forces worked; even in this tortured economy。
  尤戈。盖达(Yegor Gaidar):我驱车走在老广场,在去办公 室的路上,当我路过Detsky Mir儿童商店时,我看到那里围了一大堆人,我让我的随从下去看看发生了什么事,他们看到了成百上千人手里拿着各种各样的商品,他们在买卖商品时,手里还拿着政府鼓励自由贸易的传单。这时我明白了,即使是用了75年,也没有泯灭人们的企业家精神,这一点很关键。从这开始,俄罗斯再也没有短缺了,我感到我们成功了,市场力量开始发挥作用了,即使是在这个扭曲的经济中。
  NARRATOR: The market may have been reborn; but for ordinary Russians reform meant higher prices。
  旁白:市场可能是回来了,但对于大多数俄罗斯人来说,改革意味着涨价。
  LILIA SHEVTSOVA: I hurried to a department store to look at the faces of Muscovites; whether they would revolt; looking; you know; at all these skyrocketing prices; because Gaidar felt that they would increase twofold。 They increased twelvefold。
  LILIA SHEVTSOVA:我急忙来到百货公司,看看莫斯科人看到这样的飞涨的价格是否会有抗议的脸色,因为盖达预计价格只会涨2倍,结果却涨了12倍。
  NARRATOR: Prices kept rising。 The hard…liners who controlled the Central Bank made it much worse。 Their policies fueled inflation。
  旁白:价格持续上涨,控制着中央银行的顽固分子使得情况变得更糟糕,他们的政策加剧了通货膨胀。
  In Norilsk; factory workers like Yuri Khamutov were cleaned out。
  在诺里尔斯克(Norilsk),工厂的工人被辞退了,象Yuri Khamutov一样。
  YURI KHAMUTOV: Chubais talked about reform; but with him and with Gaidar; nothing improved。 We lived worse and worse and worse。 So much for Gaidar's reforms。 Many came north to earn the money to buy a house; a flat; a car; to save a pension。 And then in one day you were left with nothing。 It was so sudden; some people mitted suicide。
  YURI KHAMUTOV:丘拜斯(Chubais)大谈改革,但是他和盖达都没有使境况变得好些,我们的生活越来越糟糕,与日俱下,这都是盖达的改革造成的,许多人来到北方是要赚钱买房子、汽车、存养老金,但是忽然有一天你什么也没了,这太突然了,有些人为此自杀。
  GRIGORY YAVLINSKY: Inflation came 500 percent; 600 percent; 700 percent。 The monies simply went to the ashes; simply to nothing。 The population was simply smashed by that hyperinflation; and that undermined all kind of belief in the economic changes。
  格里格利。叶维林斯基(Grigory Yavlinsky):通货膨胀达到了500%,600%,700%,财富就这样化为了灰烬,一无所有了。人们遭受了恶性通货膨胀的重创,这动摇了人们对于经济改革的各种信念。
  

Chapter 17: India Escapes Collapse '3:16'
第十七章: 印度幸免崩溃
  Onscreen title: New Delhi; India
  字幕标题:印度,新德里
  NARRATOR: The collapse of the Soviet Union reverberated round the world。 For India; it was the end of a role model; the ideal of central planning shattered。
  旁白:苏联的垮台在全世界引起了很大的反响,对印度来说,中央计划理念的榜样倒了。
  MANMOHAN SINGH: This was telling proof that a mand type of economy was not as secure as we had thought。 Therefore; the collapse of the Soviet Union was a major factor which influenced thinking on economic reforms in our country; as in other countries。
  买买汗。辛格(Manmohan Singh):这表明指令式的经济并不像我们想象的那么安全,因此,苏联的垮台对我们及其它一些国家对经济改革的思考产生了很大的影响。
  NARRATOR: Planned by bureaucrats and cut off from the world trade; India's economy had grown stagnant; inefficient; and indebted。 In 1991 India stared bankruptcy in the face。
  旁白:由于官僚主义计划和与世界贸易隔绝,印度的经济已经处于停滞、无效的状态,并且负债累累,1991年,印度的破产近在眼前。
  P。 CHIDAMBARAM: We were borrowing heavily。 We had to mortgage our gold deposits。 Our growth rate had e to virtually zero。 All this added to our very enormous crisis。
  P。 CHIDAMBARAM:我们借了大量的贷款,我们不得不以黄金储备做了抵押。我们的实际增长率下降为零,所有的这些加剧了我们本已很严重的危机。
  NARRATOR: In the midst of the crisis; the economist Manmohan Singh received an urgent call from the new prime minister。 He found himself appointed finance minister。
  旁白:在危机中,经济学家买买汗。辛格(Manmohan Singh)接到了新任总理的紧急电话,他被告知他已被任命为财政部长。
  MANMOHAN SINGH: Well; I said to him that we are on the verge of a collapse。 Our foreign exchange reserves when I took over were no more than a billion dollars …… that is roughly equal to two weeks' imports。 The argument was quite simple: We were in the midst of an unprecedented crisis; it was time to think big。
  买买汗。辛格(Manmohan Singh):我告诉他,我们已经处在崩溃的边缘,我上任时我们的外汇储备已经不足10亿美元——这大约只相当于两个星期的进口。情况非常清楚:我们正处在一个空前的危机当中,我们真的需要严肃地考虑考虑。
  NARRATOR: To the horror of his own political party; the prime minister gave the green light for free…market reform。
  旁白:使他自己的政党感到惧怕的是,总理给自由市场化改革开了绿灯。
  P。 CHIDAMBARAM: Well; the rank and file of the party were simply bewildered。 They did resist the kind of changes that we brought about。 But we presented them the hard facts that unless all this was done; the economy would simply collapse。
  P。 CHIDAMBARAM:党内的责任制度和文件都很混乱,他们抵制我们的改革方式,但我们给他们提供了铁的事实:除非做到这些,否则经济只会崩溃。
  NARRATOR: India's Permit Raj was ended; state control reduced。 Government subsidies were cut; tariffs and trade barriers reduced; and regulatory licenses eliminated。
  旁白:印度的许可统治结束了,国家控制被削弱,政府补贴被削减,关税和贸易壁垒减少了,管制许可证制度被取消。
  MANMOHAN SINGH: We got government off the backs of the people of India; particularly off the backs of India's entrepreneurs。 We introduced more petition to release the innovative spirits; which were always there in India。 The economy turned around much sooner and much more deeply than I had anticipated。 Indian industry boomed。 We created a record number of jobs; we were able to control inflation; and the economy was growing at the rate of 7 percent per annum; so our critics were pletely silenced。
  买买汗。辛格(Manmohan Singh):我们消除了政府对印度人民的各种限制,尤其是对印度企业家的限制,我们引入了更多的竞争,以释放印度人民潜在的创新精神。经济状况回转得比我预想的更快、要深远。印度的工业繁荣了,我们提供了创记录的就业机会,我们控制了通货膨胀,经济以年7%的速度增长,所以我们的批评者们彻底地闭上了嘴。
  

Chapter 18: Russia Tries to Privatize '5:33'
第十八章: 俄罗斯尝试私有化
  Onscreen title: Moscow; Russia
  字幕标题:俄罗斯,莫斯科
  NARRATOR: In Russia; the manding heights of the economy were still in the hands of the state。 In a great idealistic move; the young reformers set out to democratize state industries by simply giving them away。 In charge of this program of privatization was Anatoly Chubais。 The 70…year munist monopoly was about to be overturned。 Russian citizens were given vouchers which they could use to buy shares in privatized panies。
  旁白:在俄罗斯,经济的制高点仍然掌握在国家手中,在非常理想化的行动中,年轻的改革家们开始通过简单地放弃而使国有工业民主化,管理这项私有化工作的是阿那特利。丘拜斯(Anatoly Chubais)。70年的共产主义垄断即将被打破,俄罗斯公民分配到国有企业产权凭证,他们可以拿这些凭证去购买私有化公司的股份。
  BORIS YELTSIN; President; Russia; 1991…1999: We need millions of property owners; not just a few millionaires。 All Russian citizens; workers; pensioners; and small children will be given privatization vouchers worth 10;000 rubles。
  俄罗斯总统(1991…1999)鲍里斯。叶利钦(Boris Yeltsin):我们需要成百上千万的所有者,而不仅仅是几个百万富翁,所有的俄罗斯市民、工人、老人及儿童都将按人头每人获得一张价值1万卢布的私有化产权凭证。
  NARRATOR: There was a problem: Not one pany was ready to be privatized。
  旁白:有一个问题:没有一家公司愿意接受私有化。
  BORIS JORDAN; President; The Sputnik Group: They had distributed 144 million vouchers to the people; but had no practical idea on how to get panies through the privatization process and actually into public hands; away from the state。
  Sputnik集团(Sputnik Group)总裁鲍里斯。乔丹(Boris Jordan):他们总计给民众发放了一亿四千万张产权凭证,但却没有具体的措施来使企业顺利渡过这样的私有化进程,并切实地把产权从政府手里转到公众手中。
  NARRATOR: The young reformers asked Boris Jordan; one of the first foreign bankers to set up shop in Moscow; to find a pany to privatize。 But they had to move fast。
  旁白:鲍里斯。乔丹(Boris Jordan)是第一个在莫斯科开设营业部的外国银行家,年轻的改革家们要求他寻找一家公司进行私有化,但他们必须行动迅速。
  BORIS JORDAN: They knew that if they didn't at least launch the program by December 9; 1992; when the Congress of People's Deputies was getting together; the munists were going to kill privatization。
  鲍里斯。乔丹(Boris Jordan):他们知道,如果他们到1992年12月9日人民代表大会开始之时,还没有开始实施这一计划的话,共产党将会扼杀私有化。
  NARRATOR: The young reformers were in a race against time。
  旁白:年轻的改革家们在跟时间赛跑。
  BORIS JORDAN: It was very tight。 If there wasn't going to be privatization; there was going to be no market economy。
  鲍里斯。乔丹(Boris Jordan):这是非常紧张的,假如不能进行私有化,就不可能有市场经济。
  NARRATOR: They narrowed the search down to a business on the edge of Moscow。 It is not exactly what Lenin would have called the manding heights; but the Bolshevik Biscuit Factory did bake Russia's favorite cookie。
  旁白:他们的目标锁住了莫斯科郊外的一个企业——布尔什维克饼干厂(Bolshevik Biscuit Factory),这样的工厂并不是列宁所说的那样的控制经济命脉的(制高点)企业,但是它们生产的饼干在全俄罗斯确实最受欢迎。
  BORIS JORDAN: We had to; I wouldn't say bribe …… we had to incentivize them。 We gave managers of their factories and the employees of the factories about 50 percent of the stock in the pany。 The balance of the equity would be sold in the public markets through these vouchers。 We opened up the first official auction of a Russian pany to the public on December 8; 1992。
  鲍里斯。乔丹(Boris Jordan):我们必须激励他们,我不是指贿赂,我们给企业的经理和员工们大约50%的公司股份,剩下的股权将通过产权凭证的形式在公开市场上出售,1992年12月8日,我们首次开创了俄罗斯公司面向公众的正式拍卖。
  NARRATOR: On the day of the auction; fury at the economic reforms boiled over in Parliament。 munist hard…liners forced a vote of confidence in Gaidar。
  旁白:在拍卖的那天,被经济改革触怒的人们在议会闹翻了天,共产党顽固分子迫使议会进行了一场对盖达的信任投票。
  BORIS JORDAN: I remember it very well。 We'd already opened the auction; and I was sitting in the auction center。 I was watching the television; and I watched Gaidar get removed。
  鲍里斯。乔丹(Boris Jordan):我记得非常清楚,我们已经开始了拍卖,我正坐在拍卖会场里,我看着电视,我看到盖达被解除职务。
  NARRATOR: munist opposition had forced Yeltsin to sacrifice Gaidar。 His replacement; Viktor Chernomyrdin; was a product of the old Soviet central planning system。
  旁白:共产党反对派迫使叶利钦牺牲盖达,他的继任者,维克多。切尔洛梅尔金(Viktor Chernomyrdin)是老苏维埃中央计划体制下培养出来的一个人物。
  JEFFREY SACHS: There was no doubt that after Gaidar was thrown out of the prime ministership at the end of 1992 that the level of corruption rose tremendously。
  杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs):毫无疑问,自从1992年底盖达被解除总理职务以后,腐败程度变得更加恶化了。
  NARRATOR: State panies were sold off; and the trade in vouchers led to a fledgling stock exchange。 A market economy was taking hold; but it was getting off to a shaky start。
  旁白:国有企业被卖掉了,对产权凭证的交易导致了一个初期的股票交易市场,市场经济是开始了,但这是一个非常脆弱的开始。
  In Moscow; speculation was rampant in what some called the ";Wild East。";
  在莫斯科,投机现象非常猖獗,有些人把这称为“疯狂的东方”。
  JEFFREY SACHS: A lot of societies have corruption; but Russia had an elite that had grown up in such an amoral environment under the Soviet system that they really did believe that property is theft。 ";Okay; now we're in a private…property system; we'll steal it。"; And Russia had a lot to steal。 You had the oil; the gas; the nickel; the chromium; the diamonds; the gold …… this extraordinary bination of huge natural resource reserves; and they were in state hands。
  杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs):许多社会都有腐败,但是在俄罗斯,有这样一批在苏维埃体制的没有道德规范的环境下成长起来的社会精英,他们确实认为财产就是盗窃,“好吧,现在我们处在私有产权制度下了,我们也偷一点吧。”俄罗斯有很多东西可以偷,有油,有气,有镍,有铬,有钻石,有黄金——有非常多的自然资源储备,这些原来都在国家手中。
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Chapter 19: Property Bees Theft '6:18'
第十九章: 国有财产被侵吞了
  NARRATOR: The biggest panies; the major industries were still controlled by their all…powerful managers; former Soviet ";apparatchiks"; known as the Red Directors。 They were utterly opposed to the young reformers and privatization。 The only way to privatize the manding heights of the Russian economy was to wrest control away from the Red Directors。
  旁白:最大的公司,主要的企业仍然被它们的全权经理们控制着,这些人是前苏维埃的信徒,被称为红色领导人(Red Directors),他们彻底反对年轻一辈的改革家,反对私有化,将俄罗斯的经济制高点私有化的唯一出路是剥夺这些红色领导人的控制权。
  GRIGORY YAVLINSKY: In Eastern Europe; the real democratic revolution happened。 it was a real replacement of the political elite。 In Russia; the same people changed their jackets and changed the portraits in the rooms; and instead of saying ";munism"; and ";Lenin"; and ";Five…Year Plan"; started to say ";market;"; ";democracy;"; ";freedom。";
  格里格利。叶维林斯基(Grigory Yavlinsky):在东欧,进行的是真正的民主革命。在那里,真正地取代了政治势力;而在俄罗斯,同一个人只需要换一下衣服和房间里的挂像就可以改头换面了,他们只需要把“共产主义”、“列宁”、“五年计划”等等这样一些字眼换成“市场”、“民主”、“自由”就行了。
  ANATOLY CHUBAIS: I do remember one of the first meetings with the directors; which was very tough; very tough。 They hate the language we speak; they hate the face we have。 They hate everything which was connected with us。 These guys were the real owners of the country。 I was fighting for the real manding heights in terms of who runs the economy。 Who runs the economy; market or the Soviet directors?
  阿那特利。丘拜斯(Anatoly Chubais):我清楚地记得首次与这些企业领导们会面时的情景,真是非常非常困难,他们痛恨我们说话的方式,他们痛恨我们的长相,他们痛恨一切与我们有关的东西,这些人是国家的真正所有者,我们为了获得真正的制高点就谁主宰经济的问题作着斗争,谁主宰经济:市场还是苏维埃的企业领导们?
  NARRATOR: The vast factory plex at Norilsk was to bee a major battleground between the Red Directors and a new kind of Russian。 Vladimir Potanin was a buccaneering businessman who quit his job in the foreign ministry and within a few years built a small trading pany into one of Russia's leading banks。
  旁白:在诺里尔斯克(Norilsk)这一庞大的综合工业基地将成为红色领导人(Red Director)和新俄罗斯人斗争的主要阵地。弗拉基米尔。波大林(Vladimir Potanin)是一个海盗式的商人,他辞去了在外交部的职务,建立了一个小贸易公司,并在几年之内把这家公司变成了俄罗斯最大的银行之一。
  VLADIMIR POTANIN; President; Interros Holding pany: I decided to bee a businessman at the moment when I understood that it is possible。 I grew in a country where it was not possible; and th
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