君主论-the prince(英文版)-第3部分

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　restored　his　authority；　not　to　leave　it　at　risk　by　trustingeither　to　the　French　or　other　outside　forces；　he　had　recourse　to　hiswiles；　and　he　knew　so　well　how　to　conceal　his　mind　that；　by　themediation　of　Signor　Paolo　＇Orsini＇　……　whom　the　duke　did　not　fail　tosecure　with　all　kinds　of　attention；　giving　him　money；　apparel；　andhorses　……　the　Orsini　were　reconciled；　so　that　their　simplicity　broughtthem　into　his　power　at　Sinigaglia。　Having　exterminated　the　leaders；　andturned　their　partisans　into　his　friends；　the　duke　had　laid　sufficientlygood　foundations　to　his　power；　having　all　the　Romagna　and　the　duchy　ofUrbino；　and　the　people　now　beginning　to　appreciate　their　prosperity；　hegained　them　all　over　to　himself。　And　as　this　point　is　worthy　of　notice；and　to　be　imitated　by　others；　I　am　not　willing　to　leave　it　out。When　the　duke　occupied　the　Romagna　he　found　it　under　the　rule　of　weakmasters；　who　rather　plundered　their　subjects　than　ruled　them；　and　gavethem　more　cause　for　disunion　than　for　union；　so　that　the　country　wasfull　of　robbery；　quarrels；　and　every　kind　of　violence；　and　so；　wishingto　bring　back　peace　and　obedience　to　authority；　he　considered　itnecessary　to　give　it　a　good　governor。　Thereupon　he　promoted　MesserRamiro　d'Orco　＇de　Lorqua＇；　a　swift　and　cruel　man；　to　whom　he　gave　thefullest　power。　This　man　in　a　short　time　restored　peace　and　unity　withthe　greatest　success。　Afterwards　the　duke　considered　that　it　was　notadvisable　to　confer　such　excessive　authority；　for　he　had　no　doubt　butthat　he　would　bee　odious；　so　he　set　up　a　court　of　judgment　in　thecountry；　under　a　most　excellent　president；　wherein　all　cities　had　theiradvocates。　And　because　he　knew　that　the　past　severity　had　caused　somehatred　against　himself；　so；　to　clear　himself　in　the　minds　of　the　people；and　gain　them　entirely　to　himself；　he　desired　to　show　that；　if　anycruelty　had　been　practised；　it　had　not　originated　with　him；　but　in　thenatural　sternness　of　the　minister。　Under　this　pretence　he　took　Ramiro；and　one　morning　caused　him　to　be　executed　and　left　on　the　piazza　atCesena　with　the　block　and　a　bloody　knife　at　his　side。　The　barbarity　ofthis　spectacle　caused　the　people　to　be　at　once　satisfied　and　dismayed。But　let　us　return　whence　we　started。　I　say　that　the　duke；　findinghimself　now　sufficiently　powerful　and　partly　secured　from　immediatedangers　by　having　armed　himself　in　his　own　way；　and　having　in　a　greatmeasure　crushed　those　forces　in　his　vicinity　that　could　injure　him　if　hewished　to　proceed　with　his　conquest；　had　next　to　consider　France；　for　heknew　that　the　king；　who　too　late　was　aware　of　his　mistake；　would　notsupport　him。　And　from　this　time　he　began　to　seek　new　alliances　and　totemporize　with　France　in　the　expedition　which　she　was　making　towards　thekingdom　of　Naples　against　the　Spaniards　who　were　besieging　Gaeta。　It　washis　intention　to　secure　himself　against　them；　and　this　he　plished　had　Alexander　lived。Such　was　his　line　of　action　as　to　present　affairs。　But　as　to　the　futurehe　had　to　fear；　in　the　first　place；　that　a　new　successor　to　the　Churchmight　not　be　friendly　to　him　and　might　seek　to　take　from　him　that　whichAlexander　had　given　him；　so　he　decided　to　act　in　four　ways。　Firstly；　byexterminating　the　families　of　those　lords　whom　he　had　despoiled；　so　asto　take　away　that　pretext　from　the　Pope。　Secondly；　by　winning　to　himselfall　the　gentlemen　of　Rome；　so　as　to　be　able　to　curb　the　Pope　with　theiraid；　as　has　been　observed。　Thirdly；　by　converting　the　college　more　tohimself。　Fourthly；　by　acquiring　so　much　power　before　the　Pope　should　diethat　he　could　by　his　own　measures　resist　the　first　shock。　Of　these　fourthings；　at　the　death　of　Alexander；　he　had　acplished　three。　For　he　hadkilled　as　many　of　the　dispossessed　lords　as　he　could　lay　hands　on；　andfew　had　escaped；　he　had　won　over　the　Roman　gentlemen；　and　he　had　themost　numerous　party　in　the　college。　And　as　to　any　fresh　acquisition；　heintended　to　bee　master　of　Tuscany；　for　he　already　possessed　Perugiaand　Piombino；　and　Pisa　was　under　his　protection。　And　as　he　had　no　longerto　study　France　（for　the　French　were　already　driven　out　of　the　kingdomof　Naples　by　the　Spaniards；　and　in　this　way　both　were　pelled　to　buyhis　goodwill）；　he　pounced　down　upon　Pisa。　After　this；　Lucca　and　Sienayielded　at　once；　partly　through　hatred　and　partly　through　fear　of　theFlorentines；　and　the　Florentines　would　have　had　no　remedy　had　hecontinued　to　prosper；　as　he　was　prospering　the　year　that　Alexander　died；for　he　had　acquired　so　much　power　and　reputation　that　he　would　havestood　by　himself；　and　no　longer　have　depended　on　the　luck　and　the　forcesof　others；　but　solely　on　his　own　power　and　ability。But　Alexander　died　five　years　after　he　had　first　drawn　the　sword。　Heleft　the　duke　with　the　state　of　Romagna　alone　consolidated；　with　therest　in　the　air；　between　two　most　powerful　hostile　armies；　and　sick　untodeath。　Yet　there　were　in　the　duke　such　boldness　and　ability；　and　he　knewso　well　how　men　are　to　be　won　or　lost；　and　so　firm　were　the　foundationswhich　in　so　short　a　time　he　had　laid；　that　if　he　had　not　had　thosearmies　on　his　back；　or　if　he　had　been　in　good　health；　he　would　haveovere　all　difficulties。　And　it　is　seen　that　his　foundations　weregood；　for　the　Romagna　awaited　him　for　more　than　a　month。　In　Rome；although　but　half　alive；　he　remained　secure；　and　whilst　the　Baglioni；the　Vitelli；　and　the　Orsini　might　e　to　Rome；　they　could　not　effectanything　against　him。　If　he　could　not　have　made　Pope　him　whom　he　wished；at　least　the　one　whom　he　did　not　wish　would　not　have　been　elected。　Butif　he　had　been　in　sound　health　at　the　death　of　Alexander；　everythingwould　have　been　easy　to　him。　On　the　day　that　Julius　II　was　elected；　hetold　me　that　he　had　thought　of　everything　that　might　occur　at　the　deathof　his　father；　and　had　provided　a　remedy　for　all；　except　that　he　hadnever　anticipated　that；　when　the　death　did　happen；　he　himself　would　beon　the　point　to　die。When　all　the　actions　of　the　duke　are　recalled；　I　do　not　know　how　toblame　him；　but　rather　it　appears　to　me；　as　I　have　said；　that　I　ought　tooffer　him　for　imitation　to　all　those　who；　by　the　fortune　or　the　arms　ofothers；　are　raised　to　government。　Because　he；　having　a　lofty　spirit　andfar…reaching　aims；　could　not　have　regulated　his　conduct　otherwise；　andonly　the　shortness　of　the　life　of　Alexander　and　his　own　sicknessfrustrated　his　designs。　Therefore；　he　who　considers　it　necessary　tosecure　himself　in　his　new　principality；　to　win　friends；　to　overeeither　by　force　or　fraud；　to　make　himself　beloved　and　feared　by　thepeople；　to　be　followed　and　revered　by　the　soldiers；　to　exterminate　thosewho　have　power　or　reason　to　hurt　him；　to　change　the　old　order　of　thingsfor　new；　to　be　severe　and　gracious；　magnanimous　and　liberal；　to　destroya　disloyal　soldiery　and　to　create　new；　to　maintain　friendship　with　kingsand　princes　in　such　a　way　that　they　must　help　him　with　zeal　and　offendwith　caution；　cannot　find　a　more　lively　example　than　the　actions　of　thisman。Only　can　he　be　blamed　for　the　election　of　Julius　II；　in　whom　he　made　abad　choice；　because；　as　is　said；　not　being　able　to　elect　a　Pope　to　hisown　mind；　he　could　have　hindered　any　other　from　being　elected　Pope；　andhe　ought　never　to　have　consented　to　the　election　of　any　cardinal　whom　hehad　injured　or　who　had　cause　to　fear　him　if　they　became　pontiffs。　Formen　injure　either　from　fear　or　hatred。　Those　whom　he　had　injured；amongst　others；　were　San　Pietro　ad　Vincula；　Colonna；　San　Giorgio；　andAscanio。　＇1＇　Any　one　of　the　others；　on　being　Pope；　would　have　had　tofear　him；　Rouen　and　the　Spaniards　excepted；　the　latter　from　theirrelationship　and　obligations；　the　former　from　his　influence；　the　kingdomof　France　having　relations　with　him。　Therefore；　above　everything；　theduke　ought　to　have　created　a　Spaniard　Pope；　and；　failing　him；　he　oughtto　have　consented　to　Rouen　and　not　San　Pietro　ad　Vincula。　He　whobelieves　that　new　benefits　will　cause　great　personages　to　forget　oldinjuries　is　deceived。　Therefore；　the　duke　erred　in　his　choice；　and　itwas　the　cause　of　his　ultimate　ruin。1。　Julius　II　had　been　Cardinal　of　San　Pietro　ad　Vincula；　San　Giorgio　wasRaffaells　Riaxis；　and　Ascanio　was　Cardinal　Ascanio　Sforza。CHAPTER　VIIICONCERNING　THOSE　WHO　HAVE　OBTAINED　A　PRINCIPALITY　BY　WICKEDNESSALTHOUGH　a　prince　may　rise　from　a　private　station　in　two　ways；　neitherof　which　can　be　entirely　attributed　to　fortune　or　genius；　yet　it　ismanifest　to　me　that　I　must　not　be　silent　on　them；　although　one　could　bemore　copiously　treated　when　I　discuss　republics。　These　methods　are　when；either　by　some　wicked　or　nefarious　ways；　one　ascends　to　theprincipality；　or　when　by　the　favour　of　his　fellow…citizens　a　privateperson　bees　the　prince　of　his　country。　And　speaking　of　the　firstmethod；　it　will　be　illustrated　by　two　examples　……　one　ancient；　the　othermodern　……　and　without　entering　further　into　the　subject；　I　considerthese　two　examples　will　suffice　those　who　may　be　pelled　to　followthem。Agathocles；　the　Sicilian；　became　King　of　Syracuse　not　only　from　aprivate　but　from　a　low　and　abject　position。　This　man；　the　son　of　apotter；　through　all　the　changes　in　his　fortunes　always　led　an　infamouslife。　Nevertheless；　he　acpanied　his　infamies　with　so　much　ability　ofmind　and　body　that；　having　devoted　himself　to　the　military　profession；he　rose　through　its　ranks　to　be　Praetor　of　Syracuse。　Being　establishedin　that　position；　and　having　deliberately　resolved　to　make　himselfprince　and　to　seize　by　violence；　without　obligation　to　others；　thatwhich　had　been　conceded　to　him　by　assent；　he　came　to　an　understandingfor　this　purpose　with　Hamilcar；　the　Carthaginian；　who；　with　his　army；was　fighting　in　Sicily。　One　morning　he　assembled　the　people　and　senateof　Syracuse；　as　if　he　had　to　discuss　with　them　things　relating　to　theRepublic；　and　at　a　given　signal　the　soldiers　killed　all　the　senators　andthe　richest　of　the　people；　these　dead；　he　seized　and　held　the　princedomof　that　city　without　any　civil　motion。　And　although　he　was　twicerouted　by　the　Carthaginians；　and　ultimately　besieged；　yet　not　only　washe　able　to　defend　his　city；　but　leaving　part　of　his　men　for　its　defence；with　the　others　he　attacked　Africa；　and　in　a　short　time　raised　the　siegeof　Syracuse。　The　Carthaginians；　reduced　to　extreme　necessity；　werepelled　to　e　to　terms　with　Agathocles；　and；　leaving　Sicily　to　him；had　to　be　content　with　the　possession　of　Africa。Therefore；　he　who　considers　the　actions　and　the　genius　of　this　man　willsee　nothing；　or　little；　which　can　be　attributed　to　fortune；　inasmuch　ashe　attained　pre…eminence；　as　is　shown　above；　not　by　the　favour　of　anyone；　but　step　by　step　in　the　military　profession；　which　steps　weregained　with　a　thousand　troubles　and　perils；　and　were　afterwards　boldlyheld　by　him　with　many　hazards　and　dangers。　Yet　it　cannot　be　calledtalent　to　slay　fellow…citizens；　to　deceive　friends；　to　be　without　faith；without　mercy；　without　religion；　such　methods　may　gain　empire；　but　notglory。　Still；　if　the　courage　of　Agathocles　in　entering　into　andextricating　himself　from　dangers　be　considered；　together　with　hisgreatness　of　mind　in　enduring　overing　hardships；　it　cannot　be　seenwhy　he　should　be　esteemed　less　than　the　most　notable　captain。Nevertheless；　his　barbarous　cruelty　and　inhumanity　with　infinitewickednesses　do　not　permit　him　to　be　celebrated　among　the　most　excellentmen。　What　he　achieved　cannot　be　attributed　either　to　fortune　or　togenius。In　our　times；　during　the　rule　of　Alexander　VI；　Oliverotto　da　Fermo；having　been　left　an　orphan　many　years　before；　was　brought　up　by　hismaternal　uncle；　Giovanni　Fogliani；　and　in　the　early　days　of　his　youthsent　to　fight　under　Paolo　Vitelli；　that；　being　trained　under　hisdiscipline；　he　might　attain　some　high　position　in　the　militaryprofession。　After　Paolo　died；　he　fought　under　his　brother　Vitellozzo；and　in　a　very　short　time；　being　endowed　with　wit　and　a　vigorous　body　andmind；　he　became　the　first　man　in　his　profession。　But　it　appearing　to　hima　paltry　thing　to　serve　under　others；　he　resolved；　with　the　aid　of　somecitizens　of　Fermo；　to　whom　the　slavery　of　their　country　was　dearer　thanits　liberty；　and　with　the　help　of　the　Vitelli；　to　seize　Fermo。　So　hewrote　to　Giovanni　Fogliani　that；　having　been　away　from　home　for　manyyears；　he　wished　to　visit　him　and　his　city；　and　in　some　measure　to　lookinto　his　patrimony；　and　although　he　had　not　laboured　to　acquire　anythingexcept　honour；　yet；　in　order　that　the　citizens　should　see　he　had　notspent　his　time　in　vain；　he　desired　to　e　honourably；　so　would　beacpanied　by　one　hundred　horsemen；　his　friends　and　retainers；　and　heentreated　Giovanni　to　arrange　that　he　should　be　received　honourably　bythe　citizens　of　Fermo；　all　of　which　would　be　not　only　to　his　honour；　butalso　to　that　of　Giovanni　himself；　who　had　brought　him　up。Giovanni；　therefore；　did　not　fail　in　any　attentions　due　to　his　nephew；and　he　caused　him　to　be　honourably　received　by　the　Fermans；　and　helodged　him　in　his　own　house；　where；　having　passed　some　days；　and　havingarranged　what　was　necessary　for　his　wicked　designs；　Oliverotto　gave　asolemn　banquet　to　which　he　invited　Giovanni　Fogliani　and　the　chiefs　ofFermo。　When　the　viands　and　all　the　other　entertainments　that　are　usualin　such　banquets　were　finished；　Oliverotto　artfully　began　certain　gravediscourses；　speaking　of　the　greatness　of　Pope　Alexander　and　his　sonCesare；　and　of　their　enterprises；　to　which　discourse　Giovanni　and　othersanswered；　but　he　rose　at　once；　saying　that　such　matters　ought　to　bediscussed　in　a　more　private　place；　and　he　betook　himself　to　a　chamber；whither　Giovanni　and　the　rest　of　the　citizens　went　in　after　him。　Nosooner　were　they　seated　than　soldiers　issued　from　secret　places　andslaughtered　Giovanni　and　the　rest。　After　these　murders　Oliverotto；mounted　on　horseback；　rode　up　and　down　the　town　and　besieged　the　chiefmagistrate　in　the　palace；　so　that　in　fear　the　people　were　forced　to　obeyhim；　and　to　form　a　government；　of　which　he　made　himself　the　prince。　Hekilled　all　the　malcontents　who　were　able　to　injure　him；　and　strengthenedhimself　with　new　civil　and　military　ordinances；　in　such　a　way　that；　inthe　year　during　which　he　held　the　principality；　not　only　was　he　securein　the　city　of　Fermo；　but　he　had　bee　formidable　to　all　hisneighbours。　And　his　destruction　would　have　been　as　difficult　as　that　ofAgathocles　if　he　had　not　allowed　himself　to　be　overreached　by　CesareBorgia；　who　took　him　with　the　Orsini　and　Vitelli　at　Sinigaglia；　as　wasstated　above。　Thus　one　year　after　he　had　mitted　this　parricide；　hewas　strangled；　together　with　Vitellozzo；　whom　he　had　made　his　leader　invalour　and　wickedness。Some　may　wonder　how　it　can　happen　that　Agathocles；　and　his　like；　afterinfinite　treacheries　and　cruelties；　should　live　for　long　secure　in　hiscountry；　and　defend　himself　from　external　enemies；　and　never　beconspired　against　by　his　own　citizens；　seeing　that　many　others；　by　meansof　cruelty；　have　never　been　able　even　in　peaceful　times　to　hold　thestate；　still　less　in　the　doubtful　times　of　war。　I　believe　that　thisfollows　from　severities　being　badly　or　properly　used。　Those　may　becalled　properly　used；　if　of　evil　it　is　lawful　to　speak　well；　that　areapplied　at　one　blow　and　are　necessary　to　one's　security；　and　that　arenot　persisted　in　afterwards　unless　they　can　be　turned　to　the　advantageof　the　subjects。　The　badly　employed　are　those　which；　notwithstandingthey　may　be　few　in　the　mencement；　multiply　with　time　rather　thandecrease。　Those　who　practise　the　first　system　are　able；　by　aid　of　God　orman；　to　mitigate　in　some　degree　their　rule；　as　Agathocles　did。　It　isimpossible　for　those　who　follow　the　other　to　maintain　themselves。Hence　it　is　to　be　remarked　that；　in　seizing　a　state；　the　usurper　oughtto　examine　closely　into　all　those　injuries　which　it　is　necessary　for　himto　inflict；　and　to　do　them　all　at　one　stroke　so　as　not　to　have　to　repeatthem　daily；　and　thus　by　not　unsettling　men　he　will　be　able　to　reassurethem；　and　win　them　to　himself　by　benefits。　He　who　does　otherwise；　eitherfrom　timidity　or　evil　advice；　is　always　pelled　to　keep　the　knife　inhis　hand；　neither　can　he　rely　on　his　subjects；　nor　can　they　attachthemselves　to　him；　owing　to　their　continued　and　repeated　wrongs。　Forinjuries　ought　to　be　done　all　at　one　time；　so　that；　being　tasted　less；they　offend　less；　benefits　ought　to　be　given　little　by　little；　so　thatthe　flavour　of　them　may　last　longer。And　above　all　things；　a　prince　ought　to　live　amongst　his　people　in　sucha　way　that　no　unexpected　circumstances；　whether　of　good　or　evil；　shallmake　him　change；　because　if　the　necessity　for　this　es　in　troubledtimes；　you　are　too　late　for　harsh　measures；　and　mild　ones　will　not　helpyou；　for　they　will　be　considered　as　forced　from　you；　and　no　one　will　beunder　any　obligation　to　you　for　them。CHAPTER　IXCONCERNING　A　CIVIL　PRINCIPALITYBUT　ing　to　the　other　point　……　where　a　leading　citizen　bees　theprince　of　his　country；　not　by　wickedness　or　any　intolerable　violence；but　by　the　favour　of　his　fellow　citizens　……　this　may　be　called　a　civilprincipality：　nor　is　genius　or　fortune　altogether　necessary　to　attain　toit；　but　rather　a　happy　shrewdness。　I　say　then　that　such　a　principalityis　obtained　either　by　the　favour　of　the　people　or　by　the　favour　of　thenobles。　Because　in　all　cities　these　two　distinct　parties　are　found；　andfrom　this　it　arises　that　the　people　do　not　wish　to　be　ruled　noroppressed　by　the　nobles；　and　the　nobles　wish　to　rule　and　oppress　thepeople；　and　from　these　two　opposite　desires　there　arises　in　cities　oneof　three　results；　either　a　principality；　self…government；　or　anarchy。A　principality　is　created　either　by　the　people　or　by　the　nobles；accordingly　as　one　or　other　of　them　has　the　opportunity；　for　the　nobles；seeing　they　cannot　withstand　the　people；　begin　to　cry　up　the　reputationof　one　of　themselves；　and　they　make　him　a　prince；　so　that　under　hisshadow　they　can　give　vent　to　their　ambitions。　The　people；　finding　theycannot　resist　the　nobles；　also　cry　up　the　reputation　of　one　ofthemselves；　and　make　him　a　prince　so　as　to　be　defended　by　his　authority。He　who　obtains　sovereignty　by　the　assistance　of　the　nobles　maintainshimself　with　more　difficulty　than　he　who　es　to　it　by　the　aid　of　thepeople；　because　the　former　finds　himself　with　many　around　him　whoconsider　themselves　his　equals；　and　because　of　this　he　can　neither　rulenor　manage　them　to　his　liking。　But　he　who　reaches　sovereignty　by　popularfavour　finds　himself　alone；　and　has　none　around　him；　or　few；　who　are　notprepared　to　obey　him。Besides　this；　one　cannot　by　fair　dealing；　and　without　injury　to　others；satisfy　the　nobles；　but　you　can　satisfy　the　people；　for　their　object　ismore　righteous　than　that　of　the　nobles；　the　latter　wishing　to　oppress；whilst　the　former　only　desire　not　to　be　oppressed。　It　is　to　be　addedalso　that　a　prince　can　never　secure　himself　against　a　hostile　people；because　of　their　being　too　many；　whilst　from　the　nobles　he　can　securehimself；　as　they　are　few　in　number。　The　worst　that　a　prince　may　expectfrom　a　hostile　people　is　to　be　abandoned　by　them；　but　from　hostilenobles　he　has　not　only　to　fear　abandonment；　but　also　that　they　will　riseagainst　him；　for　they；　being　in　these　affairs　more　far…seeing　andastute；　always　e　forward　in　time　to　save　themselves；　and　to　obtainfavours　from　him　whom　they　expect　to　prevail。　Further；　the　prince　ispelled　to　live　always　with　the　same　people；　but　he　can　do　wellwithout　the　same　nobles；　being　able　to　make　and　unmake　them　daily；　andto　give　or　take　away　authority　when　it　pleases　him。Therefore；　to　make　this　point　clearer；　I　say　that　the　nobles　ought　to　belooked　at　mainly　in　two　ways：　that　is　to　say；　they　either　shape　theircourse　in　such　a　way　as　binds　them　entirely　to　your　fortune；　or　they　donot。